Table 3.
Hazard ratios for liver cancer by vitamin and calcium supplement use in the Shanghai Women’s (1997–2000) and Men’s (2002–2006) Health Studies*
| Vitamin supplement | Women | Men | Both sexes combined | |||
| No. of women who developed liver cancer (n=118) | HR (95% CI)* | No. of men who developed liver cancer (n=149) | HR (95% CI)* | No. of participants who developed liver cancer (n=267) | HR (95% CI)† | |
| Vitamin B | ||||||
| No | 111 | 1.00 (reference) | 136 | 1.00 (reference) | 247 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 7 | 1.19 (0.50 to 2.84) | 13 | 1.01 (0.52 to 1.97) | 20 | 1.07 (0.63 to 1.82) |
| Vitamin C | ||||||
| No | 107 | 1.00 (reference) | 128 | 1.00 (reference) | 235 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 11 | 1.65 (0.82 to 3.33) | 21 | 2.20 (1.30 to 3.74) | 32 | 1.96 (1.29 to 2.98) |
| Vitamin E | ||||||
| No | 111 | 1.00 (reference) | 139 | 1.00 (reference) | 250 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 7 | 0.41 (0.18 to 0.96) | 10 | 0.70 (0.34 to 1.45) | 17 | 0.52 (0.30 to 0.90) |
| Multivitamin | ||||||
| No | 111 | 1.00 (reference) | 128 | 1.00 (reference) | 239 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 7 | 1.00 (0.45 to 2.21) | 21 | 1.84 (1.13 to 2.98) | 28 | 1.45 (0.96 to 2.19) |
| Calcium | ||||||
| No | 93 | 1.00 (reference) | 142 | 1.00 (reference) | 234 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 25 | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.41) | 8 | 0.80 (0.38 to 1.67) | 33 | 0.87 (0.59 to 1.28) |
* The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for age (y, continuous variable), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous variable), fat intake (g/d, continuous variable), family income level (low, medium, and high), education level (elementary school or less, middle school, high school, college or above), family history of liver cancer (yes or no), history of viral hepatitis (yes or no), history of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis (yes or no), history of diabetes (yes or no), history of cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy (yes or no), dietary vitamin E intake (cut points for the quartiles of vitamin E intake in the SWHS were ≤9.977, ≤12.785, ≤16.176, and >16.176 and in the SMHS were ≤10.531, ≤13.877, ≤17.937, and >17.937), and additionally, mutually adjusted for vitamin C supplement use (yes or no), vitamin E supplement use (yes or no), and multivitamin supplement use (yes or no).
† The HRs and 95% CIs were calculated by using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for sex (male or female), age (y, continuous variable), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous variable), fat intake (g/d, continuous variable), family income level (low, medium, and high), education level (elementary school or less, middle school, high school, college or above), family history of liver cancer (yes or no), history of viral hepatitis (yes or no), history of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis (yes or no), history of diabetes (yes or no), history of cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy (yes or no), dietary vitamin E intake (cut points for the quartiles of vitamin E intake in the SWHS were ≤9.977, ≤12.785, ≤16.176, and >16.176 and in the SMHS were ≤10.531, ≤13.877, ≤17.937, and >17.937), and additionally, mutually adjusted for vitamin C supplement use (yes or no), vitamin E supplement use (yes or no), and multivitamin supplement use (yes or no).