Table 1.
Patient characteristics N = 212.
| Characteristics |
N (%) or mean ± SD |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 212) | Lycopene ≤ 2471 μg/day | Lycopene > 2471 μg/day | |
| Age (years) | 60 ± 12 | 59 ± 12 | 61 ± 13 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 143 (67.5) | 66 (62.3) | 77 (72.6) |
| Female | 69 (32.5) | 40 (37.7) | 29 (27.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 7.6 | 30.5 ± 7.4 | 30.4 ± 7.8 |
| Normal weight (< 25.0) | 49 (23.1) | 24 (22.6) | 25 (23.6) |
| Overweight (25.0 to 29.9) | 60 (28.3) | 26 (24.5) | 34 (32.1) |
| Obese (≥ 30.0) | 103 (48.6) | 56 (52.8) | 47 (44.3) |
| NYHA functional class | |||
| I | 15 (7.1) | 4 (3.8) | 11 (10.4) |
| II | 81 (38.2) | 40 (37.7) | 41 (38.7) |
| III | 87 (41.0) | 48 (45.3) | 39 (36.8) |
| IV | 29 (13.7) | 14 (13.2) | 15 (14.2) |
| Heart failure etiology | |||
| Non-ischemic heart disease | 122 (57.5) | 64 (60.4) | 58 (54.7) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 90 (42.5) | 42 (39.6) | 48 (45.3) |
| Medication | |||
| ACE inhibitors | 143 (67.5) | 71 (67.0) | 72 (67.9) |
| ARB II* | 39 (18.4) | 14 (13.5) | 25 (23.8) |
| Digoxin | 62 (29.2) | 30 (28.8) | 32 (30.2) |
| Beta-blocker | 185 (87.3) | 95 (89.6) | 90 (84.9) |
| Diuretics | 163 (76.9) | 78 (74.3) | 85 (81.0) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 45 (21.2) | 25 (23.8) | 20 (18.9) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 33.9 ± 14.0 | 34.0 ± 14.9 | 33.8 ± 13.2 |
| < 40% | 136 (64.2) | 66 (62.3) | 70 (66.0) |
| Total comorbidity score | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 2.1 |
| Hypertension | 147 (69.3) | 77 (73.3) | 70 (67.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 80 (37.7) | 41 (38.7) | 39 (36.8) |
| Sodium (mg/day)* | 3256 ± 1193 | 3029 ± 1087 | 3483 ± 1254 |
| Less than 3000 mg/day | 109 (51.4) | 60 (56.6) | 49 (46.2) |
| Greater than 3000 mg/day | 103 (48.6) | 46 (43.4) | 57 (53.8) |
ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme;
ARB II: angiotension II receptor blocker;
NYHA: New York Heart Association.
*
p < 0.05 in the independent t-test.