Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Cytokines Results.
| Controls (C) | T2DM Patients, With No Complications (DM) | T2DM Patients, With Neuropathy (DM-PDN) | T2DM Patients, With Neuropathy-PAD (DM-PDN-PAD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | 14 | 11 | 10 | 7 |
| Age (years) | 55 ± 11 | 63 ± 9 | 63 ± 10 | 66 ± 7 |
| Males (%) | 8 (57) | 6 (55) | 4 (40) | 5 (71) |
| DM type 2 (%) | - | 11 (100) | 10 (100) | 7 (100) |
| DM duration (years) | - | 12 ± 8 | 20 ± 14 | 23 ± 10 |
| BMI (kg.m−2) | 26.9 ± 6.4 | 30.7 ± 4.5 | 32.7 ± 8.7 | 32.2 ± 4.6 |
| Glucose a | 89 ± 12 | 119 ± 23 | 118 ± 48 | 158 ± 61 |
| HbA1c b | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 0.7 | 6.7 ± 0.9 | 8.2 ± 1.2 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) c | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
| Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS) d | 0 ± 0 | 3 ± 3 | 5 ± 5 | 5 ± 5 |
| Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) e | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 1 | 11 ± 5 | 16 ± 5 |
| Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT, volts) f | 8 ± 4 | 19 ± 9 | 39 ± 15 | 39 ± 16 |
| Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments g | 3.88 ± 0.14 | 4.29 ± 0.52 | 6.11 ± 1.45 | 6.47 ± 0.80 |
| Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) (%) h | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 1.3 |
| Nitroglycerin Induced Dilation (NID) (%) | 13.1 ± 5.2 | 11.5 ± 3.7 | 11.4 ±1.7 | 9.3 ± 6.7 |
| Resting Foot Skin blood Flow (arbitrary units) | 0.87 ± 0.15 | 0.88 ± 0.21 | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 0.75 ± 0.16 |
| Foot Oxyhemoglobin (arbitrary units) | 37 ± 15 | 38 ± 21 | 39 ± 21 | 30 ± 17 |
| Foot Deoxyhemoglobin (arbitrary units) | 45 ± 13 | 54 ± 12 | 50 ± 16 | 47 ± 10 |
| Statin Treatment % | 2 (14) | 9 (82) | 7 (70) | 6 (86) |
| Antihypertensives ACE or ARB % | 1 (7) | 6 (55) | 7 (70) | 2 (29) |
| Oral Hypoglycemic Agent Treatment (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (64) | 6 (60) | 2 (29) |
| Insulin Treatment % | 0 (0) | 2 (18) | 4 (40) | 6 (86) |
| TGFa (pg/ml) | 6.62 (2.77:9.47) | 6.24 (4.06:8.34) | 4.69 (2.37:10.79) | 11.0 (5.06:13.50) |
| VEGF (pg/ml) | 157 (64:268) | 136 (75:209) | 136 (33:262) | 232 (174:267) |
| INSULIN (pg/ml) i | 255 (112:622) | 343 (216:737) | 970 (255:1521) | 2358 (710:6006) |
| OPG (pg/ml) j | 617 (390: 1442) | 573 (440:713) | 726 (494:2550) | 1820 (800:3334) |
| OPN(ng/ml) | 26.1 (18.4:39.3) | 19.3 (11.2:23.2) | 31.2 (13.6:68.2) | 38.2 (20.6:70.3) |
| G-CSF (pg/ml) k | 18.9 (13.2:31.5) | 23.1 (17.4:32.0) | 35.8 (25.5:40.4) | 58.4 (40.8:119.0) |
| MCP-1 (pg/ml)l | 343 (208:437) | 575 (450:706) | 414 (284:558) | 516 (298:760) |
| TNFa (pg/ml) m | 4.41 (3.69:8.10) | 6.02 (4.97:7.79) | 9.11 (7.05:13.68) | 9.95 (8.99:28.10) |
| CRP (μg/ml) | 5.53 (1.35: 11.97) | 2.13 (1.08:4.04) | 14.30 (3.59:40.10) | 10.91 (6.29:24.94) |
Data are Mean ± SD or Median, (first : third quartiles)
a
C vs DM-PDN-PAD p <0.05
b
C vs DM, DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD; DM, DM- PDN vs DM-PDN-PAD: p<0.0001
c
C, DM vs DM-PDN-PAD p <0.05
d
C vs DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD p <0.05
e
C, DM vs DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD; DM- PDN vs DM-PDN-PAD, p <0.0001
f
C vs DM, DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD; DM, vs DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD: p <0.0001
g
C, DM vs DM, DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD: p <0.0001
h
C vs DM, DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD; DM vs DM-PDN-PAD: p <0.0001
i
C, DM vs DM-PDN-PAD: p <0.005
j
C, DM vs DM-PDN-PAD: p <0.05
k
C vs DM- PDN, DM-PDN-PAD; DM, DM- PDN vs DM-PDN-PAD: p<0.01
l
C vs DM, DM-PDN-PAD; DM vs DM-PDN: p<0.01
m
C, DM vs DM-PDN, DM-PDN-PAD p <0.01
n
DM vs DM-PDN, DM-PDN-PAD: p <0.05