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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine J. 2013 Jan 29;13(3):243–262. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.12.002

Figure 2.

Figure 2

(A) Effects of needle injuries on changes in IVD mechanical properties compared with preinjection value for compression stiffness (Scom), tensile stiffness (Sten), neutral zone stiffness (Snz), and neutral zone length (Lnz). The largest changes from puncture were reported for the neutral zone characteristics including stiffness and length. Other changes were also reported for compression and tensile stiffness. *Significant difference between pre- an postinjection values, paired t test. From Elliott et al., Spine 2008 and reprinted with permission. (B) Injection (21G needle) of PBS resulted in a significant decrease of anabolic gene expression in the NP region 7 days following injection, as measured by qPCR suggesting co-morbidity of discography could be related to biochemical effects of needle puncture or biological effects of the puncture or injection.