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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine J. 2013 Jan 29;13(3):243–262. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.12.002

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of needle injuries on annulus fibrosus histology and strain mapping. (A) Needle injuries in bovine AF remained open and unsealed; histology with picosirius red and alcian blue staining. Modified from Korecki et al., 2008 (14G puncture, Scale bar=1 mm). (B–D) Needle injures generally took the form of circular hole or a jagged tears, and this pattern was independent of needle size and shape (21G needle; DTAF staining with confocal imaging. The photobleached parallel vertical lines also were used to calculate shear strain maps and demonstrate discontinuity around a needle puncture and shear strain concentrations. Image modified from Michalek et al., 2010 (Scale bar = 250 mm).