Table 1.
Odds ratios and 95% confident intervals of diagnosed depression and 30-day anxiety on diagnosed asthma and current wheezing in adults by region and country.
| Diagnosed asthma | Current wheezing | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country* | 30-day anxiety | Diagnosed depression | 30-day anxiety | Diagnosed depression |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)† | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| South Pacific | ||||
| Australia‡ | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 2.5 (1.7–3.7) | ||
| W. Europe | ||||
| Estonia | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | 2.5 (1.4–4.6) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) |
| Finland‡ | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 2.4 (1.5–3.6) | ||
| France‡ | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | 3.1 (1.5–6.3) | ||
| Ireland‡ | 2.7 (1.3–5.6) | 4.1 (2.0–8.5) | ||
| Latvia | 1.4 (0.5–3.6) | 2.0 (0.3–11.5) | 2.4 (1.1–5.2) | 4.0 (1.8–9.1) |
| Luxembourg‡ | 1.4 (0.7–3.1) | 1.8 (0.9–3.3) | ||
| Norway‡ | 2.0 (1.1–3.4) | 3.0 (1.7–5.3) | ||
| Portugal‡ | 2.0 (1.5–3.3) | 3.5 (2.1–5.9) | ||
| Spain | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 2.4 (1.9–3.1) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) |
| Sweden‡ | 2.6 (0.9–7.8) | 4.2 (2.0–8.7) | ||
| E. Europe | ||||
| Croatia | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 1.2 (0.4–3.9) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | 1.7 (0.7–4.2) |
| Czech Rep. | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 2.0 (0.7–5.8) | 3.1 (1.5–6.8) | 1.7 (0.7–4.3) |
| Hungary | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 1.4 (0.7–3.2) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 2.5 (1.6–3.8) |
| Russia | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 10.4 (2.0–53.4) | 1.9 (1.0–3.6) | 8.4 (3.1–22.9) |
| Ukraine | 1.9 (1.0–3.4) | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) | 2.9 (2.0–4.3) | 3.3 (1.8–6.0) |
| America | ||||
| Brazil | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2) | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) |
| Dominican | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 2.5 (1.4–4.2) |
| Ecuador | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | 3.0 (1.6–5.7) | 1.9 (0.9–3.8) | 4.9 (2.6–9.3) |
| Mexico | 2.5 (2.1–3.0) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 2.9 (2.4–3.6) § | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) § |
| Paraguay | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) |
| Uruguay | 2.0 (1.6–2.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 2.4 (1.7–3.5) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) |
| Middle East | ||||
| Georgia | 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 2.9 (1.8–4.7) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) |
| Israel‡ | 2.0 (1.1–4.0) | 3.9 (2.2–6.9) | ||
| Turkey | 1.3 (0.99–1.8) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 2.2 (1.9–2.6) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) |
| UAE | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 2.7 (1.1–6.8) | 0.9 (0.3–2.2) | 6.2 (1.2–31.8) |
| Africa | ||||
| Burkina Faso | 2.0 (1.2–3.6) | 13.0 (5.6–30.1) | 2.2 (1.4–3.5) | 7.3 (3.3–15.8) |
| Chad | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 9.1 (3.9–21.3) | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | 12.8 (6.6–24.6) |
| Comoros | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 18.4 (5.2–65.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 16.0 (5.4–47.9) |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 6.1 (2.5–15.1) | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) | 10.0 (5.2–19.4) |
| Ethiopia | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 5.0 (2.7–9.3) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 4.8 (3.1–7.4) |
| Ghana | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 2.0 (0.7–5.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 3.9 (1.4–11.1) |
| Kenya | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | 2.4 (1.5–3.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) |
| Malawi | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 5.5 (2.7–11.1) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 4.4 (2.1–9.5) |
| Mauritania | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 7.3 (3.4–16.0) | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) | 5.3 (2.6–11.0) |
| Mauritius | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 2.1 (1.4–3.4) | 2.3 (1.7–3.2) | 3.3 (2.1–5.0) |
| Morocco | n/a§ | 2.9 (1.4–6.2) | n/a§ | 2.0 (1.0–3.8) |
| Namibia | 1.6 (0.99–2.7) | 3.5 (2.0–6.1) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.9 (1.9–4.4) |
| Senegal | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | 0.5 (0.1–1.9) | 2.7 (1.6–4.5) | 5.9 (2.0–17.6) |
| S. Africa | 1.5 (0.99–2.2) | 3.3 (1.6–6.9) | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) | 4.1 (2.5–6.7) |
| Tunisia | 2.5 (1.6–4.0) | 4.5 (2.6–7.7) | 3.1 (2.2–4.3) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) |
| Zimbabwe | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 2.5 (1.0–6.0) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 2.7 (1.5–4.7) |
| Asia | ||||
| Bangladesh | 2.0 (1.3–3.2) | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | 2.1 (1.6–3.0) | 2.2 (1.3–3.9) |
| China | 3.3 (1.8–6.0) | 5.1 (0.7–36.7) | 3.4 (2.2–5.3) | 4.2 (0.5–33.0) |
| India | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.1 (1.5–2.7) | 2.2 (1.6–2.9) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2) |
| Kazakhstan | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.8 (0.2–2.8) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 1.9 (0.7–5.1) |
| Laos | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 3.7 (1.6–8.1) | 2.3 (1.6–3.2) | 3.6 (1.8–6.9) |
| Malaysia | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 2.6 (2.0–3.3) | 2.5 (1.5–4.0) |
| Myanmar | 2.4 (1.7–3.6) | 2.4 (0.5–11.5) | 2.5 (1.6–4.0) | 5.4 (1.9–15.4) |
| Nepal | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 1.8 (1.5–2.0) |
| Pakistan | 2.4 (1.8–3.3) | 2.7 (1.4–5.5) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 6.0 (3.2–11.1) |
| Philippines | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 4.6 (3.2–6.5) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 7.2 (5.3–9.8) |
| Sri Lanka | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 7.1 (3.2–16.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 12.2 (6.5–22.7) |
| Vietnam | 4.0 (2.0–8.2) | n/a§ | 3.2 (1.9–5.3) | 5.0 (0.5–46.9)§ |
*Unless specified otherwise, ORs are derived from the final multiple logistic models containing age, sex, 30-day anxiety, diagnosed depression, significant (P < 0.05) variables, and confounders. †Bolded ORs are statistically significant at P < 0.05. ‡30-day anxiety is unavailable due to the use of short WHS questionnaire; ORs are adjusted for age and sex. §Missing >25% of data.