Table 1. Werner syndrome diagnostic criteria.

Category	WS signs and symptoms*
Cardinal**	1.Cataracts (bilateral)
	2.Characteristic dermatological pathology
	3.Short stature
	4.Parental consanguinity
	5.Premature greying and/or thinning of scalp hair
Additional	1.Diabetes mellitus
	2.Hypogonadism
	3.Osteoporosis
	4.Osteosclerosis of distal phalanges of fingers and/or toes
	5.Soft tissue calcification
	6.Premature atherosclerosis
	7.Mesenchymal neoplasms, rare neoplasms or multiple neoplasms
	8.Voice changes
	9.Flat feet

^*WS signs and symptoms are from the diagnostic criteria established by the International Registry of Werner Syndrome: www.wernersyndrome.org/registry/diagnostic.html.

^**Reported cataracts were assumed bilateral if not explicitly stated, and characteristic dermatological pathology was considered to be present if any one of the six skin pathologies was reported, again as defined by the Werner Syndrome Registry diagnostic signs and symptoms list. Where height was not designated as ‘short stature’, we classified males with heights <164 cm and females with heights <154 cm as of short stature. Diabetes mellitus was considered present if a diagnosis of diabetes and/or evidence of abnormal glucose homeostasis was provided.