Table 2.
Characteristics of Participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with CKD by Healthy Lifestyle Score
| Demographic and Clinical Variables | Weighted Healthy Lifestyle Score Quartiles | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Points | −4 to 6 | 7–9 | 10–11 | 12–15 |
| Mean age (yr) | 51.8±1.1 | 59.3±1.9 | 63.5±1.4 | 61.4±1.4 |
| Sex (%) | ||||
| Male | 46.6 | 39.0 | 43.6 | 32.4 |
| Female | 53.4 | 61.0 | 56.4 | 67.6 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 73.4 | 78.4 | 80.5 | 75.5 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 14.0 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 11.4 |
| Mexican-American | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 4.8 |
| Other | 9.4 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 8.1 |
| Annual household income ≥$20,000 (%) | 47.8 | 53.0 | 56.0 | 57.4 |
| Graduated from high school (%) | 61.5 | 60.0 | 59.6 | 66.4 |
| Mean CKD-EPI eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 88.4±1.7 | 78.3±2.4 | 71.9±2.1 | 74.4±1.7 |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (%) | ||||
| <30 mg/g | 13.3 | 28.1 | 34.7 | 34.1 |
| 30 to <300 mg/g | 75.8 | 62.3 | 58.5 | 55.2 |
| ≥300 mg/g | 10.9 | 9.5 | 6.8 | 10.7 |
| CKD KDOQI stage (%) | ||||
| 1 | 51.6 | 37.9 | 24.2 | 30.7 |
| 2 | 24.4 | 19.3 | 28.5 | 23.9 |
| 3 | 23.3 | 40.1 | 44.7 | 43.7 |
| 4 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
| Mean body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3±0.5 | 24.7±0.3 | 29.1±0.4 | 30.9±0.4 |
| Median physical activity, times per week | ||||
| Moderate | 0.9 (0–6.0) | 0.7 (0–2.5) | 1.8 (0.4–6.7) | 5.5 (1.3–8.3) |
| Vigorous | 1.8 (0.7–2.7) | 0.6 (0.4–1.6) | 1.6 (0.3–3.2) | 2.2 (0.8–4.4) |
| Smoking (%) | ||||
| Never | 4.7 | 46.6 | 38.8 | 82.1 |
| Past | 12.2 | 53.4 | 61.2 | 17.9 |
| Current | 83.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mean Healthy Eating Index score | 59.9±0.7 | 62.5±0.8 | 66.5±0.8 | 70.8±0.6 |
| Healthy Eating Index score > 64 (%) | 35.8 | 43.7 | 59.8 | 71.0 |
| Mean systolic BP (mmHg) | 132±1.5 | 135±1.4 | 140±1.4 | 140±1.5 |
| Mean diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76±0.8 | 74±0.8 | 77±0.8 | 77±0.6 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%)a | 11.6 | 19.5 | 22.1 | 12.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 17.8 | 19.5 | 25.9 | 28.8 |
| Cancer (%) | 5.2 | 11.7 | 7.8 | 6.9 |
| Family history of premature CHD (%)b | 10.7 | 12.5 | 7.3 | 13.0 |
| Ideal waist circumference (%)c | 44.6 | 38.3 | 64.7 | 76.3 |
| Cholesterol level < 200 mg/dl (%) | 58.1 | 60.8 | 67.5 | 72.4 |
| Statin use (%) | 2.6 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 4.5 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB use (%) | 6.2 | 12.4 | 15.4 | 11.3 |
Percentages are weighted. Means are expressed with SEM. Medians are expressed with interquartile range. CKD-EPI, CKD Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated GFR; KDOQI, Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative; CHD, coronary heart disease; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker.
a
Includes history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke.
b
First-degree relative with history of myocardial infarction at age <50 years.
c
Waist circumference <88 cm in women and <102 cm in men.