Table 3.
Intention-to-treat Cox proportional hazards model of associations between key covariates and time to all-cause mortality
| Covariate | Univariable Analysis, Derivation Cohort | Parsimonious Multivariable Model, Derivation Cohort | Short Multivariable Model, Derivation Cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (per 10 yr) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.08 | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.003 | ||
| Male sex | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 0.06 | ||||
| Black (versus other races) | 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | 0.003 | 0.81 (0.63–1.03) | 0.09 | ||
| Hospital location | ||||||
| Surgical service (versus medical service) | 0.51 (0.42–0.61) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.32–0.47) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.30–0.43) | <0.001 |
| ICU (versus other hospital location) | 4.39 (3.70–5.21) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.69–2.53) | <0.001 | 2.97 (2.46–3.59) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (present at admission) | ||||||
| HIV | 0.87 (0.36–2.09) | 0.75 | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.45 | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.04 | ||
| Diabetes | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.01 | ||||
| Liver disease | 1.90 (1.56–2.32) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.21–1.81) | <0.001 | ||
| Malignancy | 1.91 (1.47–2.48) | <0.001 | 1.31 (0.99–1.73) | 0.06 | ||
| Metastatic solid tumor | 2.64 (2.06–3.40) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.67–2.84) | <0.001 | 2.79 (2.16–3.61) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) | 0.35 | ||||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1.23 (0.71–2.12) | 0.46 | ||||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 0.91 | ||||
| Pulmonary disease | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.02 | ||||
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Baseline creatinine (per 0.1 mg/dl) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.05 | ||||
| Bicarbonate (per mEq/L) | 0.88 (0.86–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.001 | ||
| BUN (per 10 mg/dl) | 1.18 (1.16–1.21) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | <0.001 |
| Change in creatinine from day prior (per 0.1 mg/dl) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (per mg/dl) | 1.31 (1.24–1.39) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | <0.001 | ||
| Potassium (per mEq/L) | 1.70 (1.57–1.83) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) | 0.001 | ||
| Medications | ||||||
| Number of sedatives (per drug) | 1.69 (1.59–1.79) | <0.001 | ||||
| Prior aminoglycoside exposure | 0.92 (0.74–1.13) | 0.42 | 0.77 (0.61–0.96) | 0.01 | ||
| Number of antibiotics (per drug) | 1.42 (1.36–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.01 | ||
| Number of pressors (per drug) | 1.83 (1.72–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.26–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.43–1.67) | <0.001 |
| Paralytic exposure | 4.60 (3.64–5.80) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.53–2.50) | <0.001 | ||
| Thiazide diuretic | 0.67 (0.52–0.87) | 0.002 | 0.60 (0.47–0.78) | <0.001 | ||
| Other orders | ||||||
| Ventilated | 3.65 (3.12–4.27) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.20–1.70) | <0.001 | ||
n=35,028 patient-days, 3901 patients, and 778 outcome events. Data were censored at 14 days from the onset of AKI or August 31, 2010, whichever came first. Data excludes patient-days after initiation of dialysis or placement of a do not resuscitate order. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit.