Table 6.
Intention-to-treat Cox proportional hazards model of associations between key covariates and time to all-cause mortality or initiation of dialysis based on covariates measured on the day creatinine doubled from baseline (AKIN stage 2 criteria)
| Covariate | Univariable Analysis, Derivation Cohort | Parsimonious Multivariable Model, Derivation Cohort | Short Multivariable Model, Derivation Cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (per 10 yr) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.98 | ||||
| Male sex | 1.33 (1.17–1.52) | <0.001 | ||||
| Black (versus other races) | 0.64 (0.55–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.01 | ||
| Hospital location | ||||||
| Surgical service (versus medical service) | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | 0.002 | 0.57 (0.49–0.66) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.55–0.74) | <0.001 |
| ICU (versus other hospital location) | 4.48 (3.86–5.19) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.51–2.20) | <0.001 | ||
| Comorbidities (present at admission) | ||||||
| HIV | 0.64 (0.33–1.22) | 0.17 | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 0.02 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.06 | ||
| Diabetes | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.04 | ||||
| Liver disease | 2.37 (2.08–2.69) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.39–1.85) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.40–1.86) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 1.47 (1.22–1.78) | <0.001 | ||||
| Metastatic solid tumor | 1.57 (1.31–1.89) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.25–2.01) | <0.001 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 1.28 (1.07–1.52) | <0.001 | ||||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1.73 (1.27–2.34) | <0.001 | ||||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.18 (1.00–1.40) | 0.06 | ||||
| Pulmonary disease | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.19 | ||||
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Baseline creatinine (per 0.1 mg/dl) | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | <0.001 | ||||
| Bicarbonate (per mEq/L) | 0,86 (0,85–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.92–0.95) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | <0.001 |
| BUN (per 10 mg/dl) | 1.17 (1.15–1.20) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.12–1.18) | <0.001 |
| Change in creatinine from day prior (per 0.1 mg/dl) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (per mg/dl) | 1.58 (1.44–1.73) | <0.001 | ||||
| Potassium (per mEq/L) | 1.80 (1.69–1.91) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.13–1.33) | <0.001 | ||
| Medications | ||||||
| Number of sedatives (per drug) | 1.66 (1.57–1.74) | <0.001 | ||||
| Prior aminoglycoside exposure | 1.19 (1.03–1.38) | 0.02 | ||||
| Number of antibiotics (per drug) | 1.39 (1.34–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 0.003 | ||
| Number of pressors (per drug) | 1.87 (1.78–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.25–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.59–1.80) | <0.001 |
| Paralytic exposure | 3.53 (2.89–4.30) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.19–1.85) | <0.001 | ||
| Thiazide diuretic | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 0.09 | ||||
| Other orders | ||||||
| Ventilated | 3.78 (3.33–4.28) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.35–1.86) | <0.001 | ||
n=3848 patient-days, 3848 patients, and 954 outcome events. Data were censored at 14 days from the onset of AKI or August 31, 2010, whichever came first. AKIN, Acute Kidney Injury Network; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit.