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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012 Jun;41(2):335–350. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.014

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Circulating IGF-1/2 is bound to IGF binding proteins and released at the IGF-1R, which is comprised of an alpha and beta tetrameric receptor. This leads to the activation of Ras and AKT with subsequent upregulation of genes involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and angiogenesis. AKT is also an upstream regulator of mTORC1 and downstream effector of mTORC2. Both mTOR complexes play an important role in positive and negative feedback on the IGF/AKT signaling pathway.

Legend: Insulin like growth factor (IGF), IGF receptor 1 (IGF-1R), Hybrid receptors (Hybrid-Rs), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC), p70 S6 kinase (S6K1).