Table 3.
Association between Social Factors and Readmission in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
| Social Factor | Variable Examined | Significant UV association/ UV analysis done | Significant MV association/ MV analysis done | MV Magnitude of Association‡ Ratio (95 % CI), p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 Factors | ||||
| Age19,20,22,23,62,63 | 6 | 1/4 | 1/4 | age per year HR = 0.94 (0.91–0.97), <0.000219 |
| 80–84 OR = 1.14 (0.98–1.32), (NS)20 | ||||
| ≥65 OR = 2.7 (0.3–21.6), (NS)22 | ||||
| not specified (no ratio, NS)63 | ||||
| Gender19,20,23,62,63 | 5 | 2/3 | 4/4 | Male OR = 0.675 (0.52–0.88), 0.00462 |
| Male OR = 1.21 (1.11–1.32)20 | ||||
| Male OR = 2.05 (1.01–4.18)23 | ||||
| Male HR = 0.59 (0.56–0.63), <0.000119 | ||||
| Race19–21,62 | 4 | 1/2 | 2/3 | Black OR = 1.15 (1.12–1.17), <0.00121 |
| Black OR = 1.25 (1.05–1.49)20 | ||||
| Non-white HR = 1.05 (0.96–1.14), 0.23, (NS)19 | ||||
| Level 2 Factors | ||||
| Education22 | 1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | <high school OR = 2 (1.1–3.4), <0.0522 |
| Employment22 | 1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | unemployed OR = 3.7 (1.1–12.3), <0.0522 |
| Income23 | 1 | 0/0 | 1/1 | On income assistance OR = 2.65 (1.38–5.09), <0.0123 |
| Level 3 Factors | ||||
| Social Environment | ||||
| Living Status23 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | N/A |
| NH resident19 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/1 | NH HR = 1.0 (0.92–1.08), 0.96, (NS)19 |
| Behavioral | ||||
| Smoking23,63 | 2 | 0/0 | 0/0 | N/A |
| Substance Abuse23 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | N/A |
| Neighborhood | ||||
| Urban vs. Rural20 | 1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | Urban OR = 1.02 (0.91–1.15) , (NS)20 |
UV univariate analysis, MV multivariate analysis, NH nursing home, N/A not applicable, NS not significant; ‡data reported varies based on information available in primary study, not all studies reported CI or p values