Table 6.
Association Between Social Factors and Mortality* in Heart Failure
| Social Factor | Variable Examined | Significant UV association/ UV analysis done | Significant MV association/ MV analysis done | MV Magnitude of Association‡ Ratio (95 % CI), p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 Factors | ||||
| Age9,16,26,29,32,37,45,49–55,57–59,67,68,71 | 19 | 2/4 | 9/11 | >65 OR = 1.05 (1.04–1.05)16 |
| ≥80 RR = 1.5 (1.3–1.6), <0.000151 | ||||
| ≥81 OR = 0.92 (0.89–0.95), <0.00132 | ||||
| ≥85 OR = 2.99 (1.97–4.52)50 | ||||
| Age per year OR = 1.034 (1.02–1.04), <0.000126 | ||||
| Age per year OR = 1.063 (1.03–1.1), <0.00149 | ||||
| Age per year OR = 1.39 (1.19–1.63)52 | ||||
| Age per year OR = 1.7 (1.45–1.99), <0.00153 | ||||
| Age per year, <0.0558 | ||||
| ≥85 OR = 2.38 (0.69–8.2) , (NS)54 | ||||
| Age per year RR = 1.01 (0.98–1.04), (NS)55 | ||||
| Gender9,16,26,29,32,37,45,50–59,67,68,71 | 20 | 1/4 | 3/7 | Male OR = 0.50 (0.36–0.70)52 |
| Male OR = 1.12 (1.05–1.23), 0.00089 | ||||
| Male RR = 1.3 (1.2–1.4), <0.000151 | ||||
| Male, <0.00171 | ||||
| Male mean rate difference +1.4 (−1.2- + 4.0)56 | ||||
| Male OR = 0.94 (0.63–1.4), (NS)54 | ||||
| Male OR = 1.0 (0.73–1.37), (NS)16 | ||||
| Male RR = 0.79 (0.51–1.25), (NS)55 | ||||
| Race9,27,29,32,37,45,50,51,58,59 | 10 | 3/3 | 4/4 | Black = OR 0.83 (0.73–0.94), 0.0039 |
| Black = RR 0.69 (0.59–0.8), <0.000151 | ||||
| Black = RR 0.78 (0.68–0.91)37 | ||||
| Black mean rate difference −1.7, p value <0.0527 | ||||
| Level 2 Factors | ||||
| Insurance9,32,57,59 | 4 | 0/0 | 0/1 | Medicaid = OR 0.66 (0.3–1.4), 0.68, (NS)57 |
| Mental Health29,47 | 2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | Psychiatric comorbidity OR = 0.7 (0.57–0.86), <0.00129 |
| Depression OR = 1.1 (0.9–1.34), 0.35, (NS)47 | ||||
| Education55 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/1 | Education RR = 1.05 (0.98–1.12), (NS)55 |
| Income32 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | N/A |
| Socioeconomic Status45 | 1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | Lower SES RR = 1.13 (0.92–1.38), 0.26, (NS)45 |
| Level 3 Factors | ||||
| Social Environment | ||||
| Living Status60,68 | 2 | 1/2 | 1/1 | No elevator HR = 1.39 (1.07–1.8), <0.0560 |
| Frequently feels cold HR 1.39 (1.01–1.92), <0.0560 | ||||
| No indoor bathroom HR = 0.7 (0.24–2), (NS)60 | ||||
| No bathtub/shower HR = 1.0 (0.41–2.32), (NS)60 | ||||
| No washing machine HR = 1.09 (0.52–2.27), (NS)60 | ||||
| No hot water HR = 1.11 (0.55–2.24), (NS)60 | ||||
| No phone HR 1.37 (0.71–2.64), (NS)60 | ||||
| No individual bedroom HR = 1.6 (1.0–2.6), (NS)60 | ||||
| Behavioral | ||||
| Smoking50,58,67 | 3 | 0/0 | 0/0 | N/A |
| Alcohol67 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/0 | N/A |
| Adherence to diet58 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/1 | Non-adherence OR = 0.69 (0.48–1), 0.05, (NS)58 |
| Medication adherence58 | 1 | 0/0 | 0/1 | Non-adherence OR = 0.88 (0.67–1.17), 0.39, (NS)58 |
| Medical adherence59 | 1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | Non-adherence OR = 0.66 (0.51–0.86), 0.001759 |
| Neighborhood | ||||
| Distance to hospital32 | 1 | 0/0 | 1/1 | ≤25 miles OR = 0.95 (0.92–0.98), 0.00232 |
*Results shown are only for short-term mortality (≤30 days post-discharge or in hospital); UV univariate analysis, MV multivariate analysis, N/A not applicable, NS not significant; ‡ data reported varies based on information available in primary study, not all studies reported CI or p values