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Mechanisms that regulate chronic inflammation, fibrosis and DCM in the heart. Th2-type, IL-4 responses stimulate MC degranulation and release of the profibrotic cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-4 in the heart. Cardiac fibrosis leads to DCM and congestive heart failure. IFN-γ blocks IL-4 production thereby reducing MC degranulation and fibrosis. CR1/2 on macrophages (Mac) reduces immune complex (IC) deposition in the heart, reducing fibrosis and DCM.
