Table 2.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of serum prolactin with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

	Metabolic syndrome				Type 2 diabetes mellitus
	Cross-sectional		Longitudinal		Cross-sectional		Longitudinal
	Age-adjusted model	Multivariable model	Age-adjusted model	Multivariable model	Age-adjusted model	Multivariable model	Age-adjusted model	Multivariable model
Prolactin	Men
per SD increase	0.95 (0.89; 1.02)	0.95 (0.89; 1.01)	1.05 (0.95; 1.15)	1.04 (0.95; 1.14)	0.84 (0.73; 0.96)*	0.83 (0.72; 0.95)*	1.20 (0.98; 1.47)	1.19 (0.96; 1.47)
Quartiles (Q4 Ref.)
Q1	1.15 (0.97; 1.37)	1.15 (0.98; 1.35)	0.83 (0.64; 1.06)	0.87 (0.68; 1.10)	1.55 (1.12; 2.13)*	1.55 (1.13; 2.14)*	0.71 (0.41; 1.23)	0.78 (0.45; 1.35)
Q2	1.06 (0.89; 1.28)	1.03 (0.87; 1.22)	0.94 (0.74; 1.19)	0.94 (0.75; 1.18)	1.14 (0.81; 1.61)	1.11 (0.79; 1.56)	0.73 (0.42; 1.26)	0.78 (0.45; 1.33)
Q3	1.04 (0.87; 1.25)	1.02 (0.85; 1.21)	0.91 (0.72; 1.16)	0.94 (0.75; 1.18)	0.92 (0.63; 1.33)	0.92 (0.64; 1.33)	0.76 (0.44; 1.32)	0.72 (0.41; 1.27)
P for Trend	0.104	0.076	0.172	0.276	0.002	0.002	0.253	0.472
	Women
per SD increase	0.92 (0.85; 1.00)	0.97 (0.90; 1.05)	0.89 (0.79; 1.00)	0.92 (0.83; 1.02)	0.81 (0.68; 0.95)*	0.84 (0.71; 0.98)*	1.09 (0.82; 1.45)	1.13 (0.89; 1.44)
Quartiles (Q4 Ref.)
Q1	1.32 (1.04; 1.66)*	1.11 (0.89; 1.39)	1.26 (0.95; 1.68)	1.15 (0.86; 1.53)	1.89 (1.21; 2.96)*	1.70 (1.10; 2.62)*	0.88 (0.44; 1.78)	0.73 (0.37; 1.43)
Q2	1.13 (0.89; 1.44)	1.04 (0.83; 1.32)	1.22 (0.91; 1.63)	1.16 (0.87; 1.54)	1.82 (1.15; 2.86)*	1.69 (1.09; 2.63)*	0.81 (0.39; 1.68)	0.75 (0.37; 1.50)
Q3	1.11 (0.86; 1.44)	1.07 (0.83; 1.32)	0.73 (0.51; 1.04)	0.78 (0.55; 1.11)	1.29 (0.77; 2.16)	1.26 (0.76; 2.09)	1.00 (0.48; 2.06)	1.08 (0.53; 2.20)
P for Trend	0.016	0.399	0.013	0.106	0.001	0.007	0.633	0.224

* p < 0.05; SD, standard deviation. The multivariable model was adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status (three categories), physical activity, educational level (three categories), and alcohol consumption.