Fig. 1. The schematic of the integrated mathematical model of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ dynamics.

Our previously corroborated model of the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ dynamics is updated with our new transporter models for the CU, RaM, NCE, a new model of CHE and a model of the Ca²⁺ sequestration system. The model implicitly includes the binding of Ca²⁺ to mobile and immobile buffers and the formation of ACP. The expression “c⁺ + L⁻ ↔ cL” represents cation-anion complexation. In the mitochondrial matrix, the anions include ATP, ADP and Pi. In the extra-mitochondrial space, the anions are ATP, ADP, Pi and EGTA.