Table 3.
Cognitive performance (means and standard deviations) in participants with epilepsy, with AP (AP+) and without AP (AP-), and healthy controls.
| Epilepsy | Control | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
|
AP+
(n=29) |
AP-
(n=46) |
(n=65) |
|
| Verbal IQ | −0.812* | −0.508 | 0.031 |
| (0.707) | (1.146) | (0.969) | |
| Performance IQ | −1.166* | 0.161 | −0.025 |
| (1.039) | (1.311) | (1.01) | |
| Reading | −0.697* | 0.158 | 0.003 |
| (0.887) | (1.052) | (0.970) | |
| Spelling | −0.871* | 0.249 | −0.024 |
| (1.286) | (1.221) | (1.008) | |
| Arithmetic | −1.222* | −0.355 | 0.010 |
| (0.840) | (1.504) | (0.954) | |
| Naming | −1.007* | −0.199 | 0.046 |
| (1.346) | (1.132) | (0.982) | |
| Expressive Vocabulary | −0.857* | 0.022 | 0.045 |
| (0.670) | (0.996) | (0.982) | |
| Picture Vocabulary | −0.815* | −0.031 | −0.019 |
| (.961) | (1.285) | (0.963) | |
| Delayed Recall | −0.773* | −0.243 | 0.034 |
| (1.073) | (1.138) | (0.996) | |
| Immediate Recall | −0.760* | −0.236 | 0.010 |
| (1.407) | (1.037) | (0.994) | |
| Letter Fluency | −1.000* | 0.058 | 0.063 |
| (1.043) | (1.329) | (0.930) | |
| Category Switching | −0.533* | 0.084 | 0.033 |
| (0.989) | (1.095) | (0.971) | |
| Inhibition | 0.739* | 0.246 | −0.007 |
| (1.120) | (1.400) | (0.991) | |
| Correct Sorts | −1.455* | −0.455 | 0.075 |
| (1.504) | (1.624) | (1.006) | |
| CPT Inattention | 0.683* | 0.858* | −0.041 |
| (1.742) | (1.624) | (0.967) | |
| CPT Impulsivity | 0.254 | −0.023 | 0.012 |
| (1.207) | (0.954) | (0.999) | |
| Digit Symbol Coding | −1.039* | −0.671* | 0.033 |
| (1.276) | (1.072) | (0.999) | |
| Grooved Peg Board | 1.585* | 0.535 | 0.040 |
| (1.749) | (1.273) | (0.975) | |
All scores are age- and sex-corrected relative to controls, and are expressed as z-scores. Participants with ADHD have been excluded.
*
p < 0.05 compared with controls.
AP: Academic problems
ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder