Table 2.
Drugs that can attenuate tPA-related hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke.
| Drug | Proposed mechanism | Model and reference |
|---|---|---|
| Imatinib (PDGFR-α antagonist) | Inhibits PDGFR-α activity | Mouse MCAO (Su et al., 2008) |
| Activated protein C (APC) | Inhibits the tPA-PAR1-MMP-9 pathway | Mouse and Rat MCAO (Cheng et al., 2006) |
| Cilostazol (phosphodiesterase III inhibitor) | Inhibits MMP-9 activity | Mouse MCAO (Ishiguro et al., 2010) |
| Rat MCAO (Choi et al., 2002) | ||
| Human trial (Lee et al., 2003) | ||
| Mouse MCAO (Nonaka et al., 2009) | ||
| Melatonin | Inhibits MMP-9 activity | Mouse MCAO (Chen et al., 2006) |
| BB-94 (MMP-9 inhibitor) | Inhibits MMP-9 activity | Rat MCAO (Pfefferkorn and Rosenberg, 2003) |
| Fasudil (rho kinase inhibitor) | Inhibits MMP-9 activity | Mouse MCAO (Ishiguro et al., 2012) |
| Minocycline (broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic) | Inhibits MMP-9 activity | Human trial (Switzer et al., 2011) |
| Human trial (Fagan et al., 2010) | ||
| GM6001 | Inhibits MMP-3 > MMP-9 activity | Mouse MCAO (Suzuki et al., 2007) |
| AHA (p-aminobenzoyl-gly-pro-d-leu-d-ala-hydroxamate; broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor) | Broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor | Rat MCAO (Copin et al., 2011) |
| NXY-059 | Scavenges free radicals | Rat MCAO (Lapchak et al., 2002) |
| Rat MCAO (Green and Ashwood, 2005) | ||
| Edaravone | Scavenges free radical | Rat MCAO (Yamashita et al., 2009) |
MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator.