(a) Expression in roots (R), culms (C), sheaths (Sh), leaves (L) and panicles (P). (b) RNA in situ hybridization of OsMADS57 in SAM and axillary buds (Ab). Scale bars, 100 μm. (c) Localization of GFP- OsMADS57 in rice protoplasts. H33342, a nuclear staining dye. Scale bars, 10 μm. (d) The transcriptional repression activity assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts. (4X)-D1–3(4X), four upstream GAL4 DNA-binding sites in the promoter of GUS; CaMV 35S, a promoter of LUC reporter (the internal control). HOS15, a transcription suppressor, and ARF5M, an activator, were used as the controls. (e) The preferred CArG-box binding motif for OsMADS57 from the expression level and frequency of the 97 regulated genes. (f) D14 expression in various lines.