Table 6. Dose-modifying factors for quiescent cells relative to total tumour cells^a.

Parameter	High dose rate: immediately after	High dose rate: 24 h after	Reduced dose rate
Net micronucleus frequency=0.2
γ-rays	1.65 (1.5–1.8)b	1.8 (1.65–1.95)	1.9 (1.75–2.05)
Carbon beams	1.35 (1.25–1.45)	1.4 (1.25–1.55)	1.45 (1.3–1.6)
Net apoptosis frequency=0.06
In whole cell fraction
γ-rays	1.3 (1.2–1.4)	1.45 (1.35–1.55)	1.55 (1.4–1.7)
Carbon beams	1.15 (1.05–1.25)	1.25 (1.15–1.35)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)
In pimonidazole-unlabelled cell fraction
γ-rays	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)	1.55 (1.4–1.7)
Carbon beams	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	1.25 (1.15–1.35)

^aThe ratio of the dose of radiation necessary to obtain each end point in the quiescent cell population to that needed to obtain each end point in the total tumour cell population.

^bValues in parentheses are 95% confidence limits, determined using standard errors. When the ranges of 95% confidence limits showed no overlap between two values, the difference between the two values were significant (p<0.05) based on a χ² test.