Table 3.
Odds ratios for CMD by major SOC groups, additionally adjusted for work characteristics (job strain, effort–reward imbalance, job effort/demands, job security, social support at work)a
| Adjusted for age, gender, housing tenure, marital status and job strainb | Adjusted for age, gender, housing tenure, marital status and ERIc | Adjusted for age, gender, housing tenure, marital status and job effort/demands | Adjusted for age, gender, housing tenure, marital status and job security | Adjusted for age, gender, housing tenure, marital status and social support at work | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Major SOC groups | |||||
| Males and females (n=3425) | |||||
| Managers and senior officials | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) |
| Professional occupations | 0.82 (0.59–1.16) | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | 0.87 (0.62–1.22) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) |
| Associate professional and technical occupations | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) |
| Administrative and secretarial occupations | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.93 (0.66–1.33) | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) |
| Skilled trades occupations | 0.87 (0.57–1.33) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | 0.92 (0.61–1.40) | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) | 0.94 (0.61–1.43) |
| Personal service occupations | 1.80 (1.22–2.66)* | 1.89 (1.27–2.81)* | 1.82 (1.24–2.68)* | 1.75 (1.18–2.60)* | 1.73 (1.18–2.54)* |
| Sales and customer service occupations | 1.25 (0.81–1.95) | 1.26 (0.82–1.94) | 1.36 (0.88–2.11) | 1.14 (0.74–1.75) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) |
| Process, plant and machine operatives | 0.61 (0.35–1.08) | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | 0.71 (0.41–1.24) | 0.57 (0.33–0.98) | 0.57 (0.33–0.98) |
| Elementary occupations | 1.36 (0.91–2.04) | 1.34 (0.90–1.99) | 1.52 (1.03–2.24)* | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 1.23 (0.84–1.79) |
| Males (n=1834) | |||||
| Managers and senior officials | 0.65 (0.39–1.10) | 0.65 (0.39–1.10) | 0.62 (0.37–1.04) | 0.76 (0.47–1.23) | 0.72 (0.45–1.16) |
| Professional occupations | 1.10 (0.66–1.82) | 1.25 (0.75–2.07) | 1.05 (0.64–1.72) | 1.21 (0.74–1.98) | 1.16 (0.71–1.89) |
| Associate professional and technical occupations | 1.14 (0.67–1.93) | 1.20 (0.70–2.04) | 1.12 (0.66–1.90) | 1.22 (0.71–2.10) | 1.23 (0.74–2.06) |
| Administrative and secretarial occupations | 1.74 (0.87–3.46) | 1.74 (0.87–3.48) | 1.75 (0.88–3.48) | 1.82 (0.90–3.66) | 1.83 (0.93–3.60) |
| Skilled trades occupations | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.74 (0.48–1.13) | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | 0.76 (0.50–1.17) |
| Personal service occupations | 2.42 (1.00–5.87)* | 2.52 (1.03–6.14)* | 2.37 (0.98–5.72) | 2.49 (0.99–6.26) | 2.17 (0.89–5.28) |
| Sales and customer service occupations | 1.84 (0.90–3.79) | 1.69 (0.80–3.55) | 1.93 (0.93–4.01) | 1.73 (0.84–3.54) | 1.53 (0.74–3.18) |
| Process, plant and machine operatives | 0.54 (0.27–1.05) | 0.53 (0.27–1.03) | 0.60 (0.31–1.15) | 0.46 (0.24–0.89)* | 0.48 (0.26–0.92)* |
| Elementary occupations | 1.18 (0.63–2.23) | 1.08 (0.57–2.05) | 1.23 (0.67–2.26) | 0.94 (0.51–1.76) | 1.01 (0.55–1.85) |
| Females (n=1591) | |||||
| Managers and senior officials | 0.84 (0.56–1.25) | 0.83 (0.56–1.25) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) | 0.90 (0.61–1.35) | 0.85 (0.56–1.28) |
| Professional occupations | 0.65 (0.44–0.97)* | 0.64 (0.43–0.96)* | 0.59 (0.40–0.87)* | 0.67 (0.45–1.00) | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) |
| Associate professional and technical occupations | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) | 0.77 (0.55–1.10) | 0.80 (0.57–1.11) | 0.87 (0.62–1.22) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) |
| Administrative and secretarial occupations | 0.78 (0.54–1.12) | 0.75 (0.52–1.08) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) |
| Skilled trades occupations | 2.16 (0.85–5.48) | 2.03 (0.80–5.11) | 2.60 (1.03–6.53)* | 2.02 (0.82–4.95) | 2.24 (0.88–5.68) |
| Personal service occupations | 1.68 (1.08–2.59)* | 1.77 (1.14–2.73)* | 1.71 (1.12–2.63)* | 1.64 (1.07–2.52)* | 1.68 (1.09–2.57)* |
| Sales and customer service occupations | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | 1.07 (0.65–1.78) | 1.14 (0.67–1.92) | 0.95 (0.57–1.60) | 0.94 (0.57–1.57) |
| Process, plant and machine operatives | 1.01 (0.40–2.55) | 1.13 (0.45–2.83) | 1.17 (0.47–2.89) | 0.96 (0.40–2.33) | 0.90 (0.38–2.18) |
| Elementary occupations | 1.48 (0.93–2.38) | 1.57 (0.98–2.49) | 1.79 (1.12–2.86)* | 1.48 (0.94–2.32)* | 1.41 (0.89–2.21) |
| Sub-major SOC groups | |||||
| Males and females (n=3425) | |||||
| Corporate managers | 0.83 (0.58–1.17) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.85 (0.61–1.20) |
| Managers and proprietors in agriculture and service | 0.49 (0.22–1.10) | 0.51 (0.21–1.21) | 0.48 (0.22–1.08) | 0.58 (0.26–1.30) | 0.51 (0.23–1.15) |
| Science and technology professionals | 0.82 (0.45–1.50) | 0.82 (0.43–1.56) | 0.78 (0.42–1.45) | 0.81 (0.44–1.50) | 0.88 (0.47–1.62) |
| Health professionals | 1.58 (0.48–5.19) | 1.50 (0.45–5.00) | 1.45 (0.44–4.74) | 1.45 (0.44–4.75) | 1.49 (0.47–4.71) |
| Teaching and research professionals | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 0.99 (0.61–1.58) | 0.84 (0.52–1.34) | 1.05 (0.66–1.67) | 1.01 (0.64–1.62) |
| Business and public service professionals | 0.57 (0.26–1.23) | 0.58 (0.26–1.26) | 0.52 (0.24–1.13) | 0.55 (0.25–1.21) | 0.56 (0.26–1.20) |
| Science and technology associate professionals | 1.44 (0.61–3.37) | 1.58 (0.68–3.69) | 1.45 (0.63–3.32) | 1.67 (0.71–3.91) | 1.65 (0.71–3.79) |
| Health and social welfare associate professionals | 0.69 (0.43–1.10) | 0.60 (0.38–0.96) | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | 0.70 (0.44–1.12) | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) |
| Protective service occupations | 1.48 (0.71–3.05) | 1.61 (0.78–3.33) | 1.52 (0.74–3.11) | 1.69 (0.81–3.55) | 1.82 (0.88–3.75) |
| Culture media sports occupations | 1.20 (0.49–2.94) | 1.11 (0.45–2.76) | 1.13 (0.46–2.76) | 1.25 (0.51–3.07) | 1.14 (0.48–2.71) |
| Business and public service associate professionals | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | 0.92 (0.55–1.54) | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 0.92 (0.55–1.56) | 0.90 (0.56–1.47) |
| Administrative occupations | 0.99 (0.66–1.47) | 0.93 (0.63–1.39) | 0.98 (0.66–1.47) | 0.97 (0.65–1.44) | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) |
| Secretarial and related occupations | 0.88 (0.45–1.70) | 0.95 (0.48–1.87) | 0.88 (0.46–1.71) | 0.82 (0.42–1.58) | 0.76 (0.39–1.47) |
| Skilled agricultural trades | 1.31 (0.28–6.20) | 1.32 (0.28–6.17) | 1.29 (0.27–6.23) | 0.94 (0.21–4.17) | 0.94 (0.23–3.78) |
| Skilled metal and electrical trades | 0.82 (0.48–1.42) | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | 0.87 (0.51–1.49) | 0.88 (0.51–1.50) | 0.95 (0.55–1.66) |
| Skilled construction and building trades | 1.01 (0.37–2.79) | 0.95 (0.37–2.42) | 1.03 (0.38–2.80) | 0.92 (0.35–2.45) | 0.96 (0.34–2.71) |
| Textiles printing and other skilled trades | 0.83 (0.39–1.75) | 0.84 (0.41–1.73) | 0.91 (0.43–1.90) | 0.83 (0.40–1.73) | 0.91 (0.43–1.94) |
| Caring personal service occupations | 1.92 (1.27–2.91)* | 1.99 (1.31–3.02)* | 1.92 (1.28–2.88)* | 1.86 (1.24–2.81)* | 1.86 (1.25–2.77)* |
| Leisure and other personal service occupations | 1.11 (0.38–3.24) | 1.26 (0.41–3.87) | 1.18 (0.39–3.59) | 1.12 (0.36–3.48) | 1.04 (0.35–3.16) |
| Sales occupations | 1.50 (0.96–2.34) | 1.50 (0.97–2.33) | 1.67 (1.08–2.58) | 1.34 (0.88–2.04) | 1.31 (0.87–1.99) |
| Customer service occupations | 1.03 (0.45–2.36) | 0.93 (0.43–2.01) | 1.10 (0.48–2.54) | 1.01 (0.41–2.46) | 0.98 (0.41–2.34) |
| Process plant and machine operatives | 0.72 (0.37–1.39) | 0.77 (0.40–1.51) | 0.84 (0.44–1.62) | 0.66 (0.35–1.25) | 0.70 (0.37–1.30) |
| Transport and mobile machine drivers and operatives | 0.48 (0.19–1.26) | 0.49 (0.19–1.27) | 0.55 (0.21–1.42) | 0.46 (0.18–1.18) | 0.42 (0.16–1.09) |
| Elementary trades, plant and storage-related occupations | 0.90 (0.38–2.12) | 0.85 (0.36–2.01) | 0.99 (0.43–2.28) | 0.92 (0.40–2.09) | 0.91 (0.40–2.08) |
| Elementary administration and service occupations | 1.50 (0.96–2.34) | 1.50 (0.97–2.33) | 1.67 (1.08–2.58)* | 1.34 (0.88–2.04) | 1.31 (0.87–1.99) |
CMD, Common mental disorder; SOC, Standard Occupational Classification; ERI, effort–reward imbalance; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Data are given OR (95% CI).
a
Adjusted analysis is adjusted for age, gender, housing tenure and marital status. Dependent variable CMD, reference group is no CMD; independent variable SOC group, reference group is all other occupations.
c
Effort Reward Imbalance questionnaire (Siegrist et al. 2009).
*
p⩽0.05.