Table 5.

Reported values of Young’s modulus for engineered and immature native cartilage

Reference	Source of tissue and culture conditions	Technique	E (kPa)
Ficklin et al. (2007)	Newborn bovine knee joint patellofemoral groove explants, load applied normal to articular surface	Macro compression	22
Klein et al. (2007)	Fetal and bovine knee joints, surface region	Macro compression	28
Park et al. (2004)	4–6 month old bovine humeral heads	AFM indentation (Hertz model)	45.8
Schinagl et al. (1997)	Adult bovine knee joint patellofemoral groove, superficial layer	Micro compression	79
Darling et al. (2006)	Porcine chondrocytes	AFM indentation, micropipette aspiration	0.6–1.2
Guilak et al. (2005)	Adult canine hip joints, pericellular matrix (PCM)	Micropipette aspiration	23–24
Guilak et al. (1999)	Adult human hip joints, pericellular matrix	Micropipette aspiration	1.54
Ng et al. (2007)	Bovine chondrocytes cultured in growth factor stimulated medium	AFM indentation (Hertz model)	0.7–1 (cells), 0.1–4.15 (PCM)
Huang et al. (2008)	Engineered tissue from bovine chondrocytes, static culture, no growth factors	Macro tension	~20–107
Janjanin et al. (2008)	Engineered tissue from human bone marrow derived stem cells, bioreactor culture	Macro compression	~3–12
Mauck et al. (2003)	Engineered tissue from bovine chondrocytes, static and dynamically loaded culture	Macro compression	~20–186