Figure 3.

Phase delays for kinematic events. Sham and NT4 data derived from study described in,⁷¹ NT2 and NMES2 data derived from.⁶⁴ Hind limb fore limb and Left–right hind limb phase delay: relative phase of each limb touchdown with respect to another within a gait cycle. Phase is defined at discrete moments within a gait cycle and varies between 0 and 1 (two consecutive touchdown events for each limb). Hip knee and hip–ankle: relative phase calculated from time between maximum joint angles for each joint during a gait cycle, within a limb. Injury causes a change in forelimb-hindlimb coordination, shifting it from approximately 0.75 to approximately 0.5, or completely out of phase. Left–right phase delay is altered following injury, however, NMES training or an additional two-week recovery period returns left right coordination to symmetry. Intralimb phase delays (hip–knee and hip–ankle) are significantly decreased following injury, with a progressive increase from stimulation therapy or additional time for recovery. Sham: sham injured rats, NT2 and NT4: iSCI rats with no training tested two weeks and four weeks post injury respectively, NMES2: iSCI rats with five days of electrical stimulation therapy tested two weeks post injury.