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Model of TGF-β restoration by SMAD6 knockdown. A, down-regulation of TGF-β signal pathway by SMAD6 in lung cancer. B, TGF-β signal pathway reactivation on SMAD6 knockdown. JNK and SMAD2/3 were phosphorylated by TGF-β signal pathway, and apoptosis pathway was also activated by caspase-3 and PARP activation leading to the reduction of tumor burden observed in lung cancer patients.
