Table 1.

Locally recurrent rectal cancer with curative intent: cohort selection, primary therapy and clinical presentation

Study	Year	Period, yr	Selection			Primary therapy, %			Characteristics of local recurrence, %*
			Ni	Inclusion/exclusion	Ns	APR	RT	CT	S0	S1	S2	M1	M1res	Interval, mo*
Abuchaibe et al.3	1993	6.3	—	All IORT	27	—	26	37	0	30	70	0	0	—
Estes et al.4	1993	—	—	All exenterations	16	19	50	—	0	0	100	0	0	8
Gagliardi et al.5	1995	19	84	No irresectable, advanced M1	49	18	—	—	16	35	49	27	13	(13) [2–81]
Gunderson et al.6	1996	14.3	182	No prior RT, all IORT	123	—	0	24	—	—	—	8	6	—
Bussières et al.7	1996	—	—	All IORT	73	33	51	10	—	—	—	14	—	< 2 yr 54%
Knol et al.8	1997	15	292	Complete follow-up	280	44	—	—	15	21	64	41	0	(12) [3–96]
Bozetti et al.9	1997	34	213	Suitable for reoperation	45	24	4	18	—	—	—	0	0	(13) [4–50]
Maetani et al.10	1998	18.1	59		59	61	—	—	—	—	—	20	15	—
Eble et al.11	1998	3.9	—	All IORT	31	—	—	19	—	—	81	—	—	—
Wanebo et al.12	1999	23	95	All sacral resection	53	55	100	—	—	—	—	4	4	< 12 mo 28%
Salo et al.13†	1999	9.9	194	No intestinal bypass	131	27	39	—	44	29	27	5	5	21
Zacherl et al.14	1999	9	—	All sacral resection	12	42	—	—	0	0	100	0	0	(41) [6–84]
Hashiguchi et al.15	1999	22.1	51		51	57	0	—	22	33	45	37	12	(32) [5–199]
Adachi et al.16	1999	11	21	No irresectable	9	22	0	—	56	33	11	0	0	35 [8–61]
Law et al.17	2000	10.7	47		47	30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	18
Rodel et al.18	2000	3.9	35		35	17	0	17	—	—	—	9	9	(22) [4–112]
Lindel et al.19	2001	18.7	69	All IORT, no M1	49	28	13	—	—	—	—	0	0	(24) [4–123]
Lopez-Kostner et al.20	2001	13.9	117	No irresectable or M1	43	—	—	—	16	42	42	—	—	(20) [2–86]
Garcia-Aguilar et al.21	2001	11	87		87	28	32	32	—	—	—	0	0	25
Yamada et al.22	2001	16.9	83		83	53	0	—	—	—	—	0	0	(20) [11–31]
Bergamaschi et al.23	2001	23	91	No M1, all initial LAR	35	0	0	—	43	—	—	3	3	(16) [3–58]
Huguier et al.24	2001	30	80	All initial local excision	38	21	3	—	71	—	—	34	26	15 [9–x]
Shoup et al.25	2002	10.5	634	No irresectable, all IORT	100	16	50	—	—	—	—	—	—	21
Friel et al.26	2002	12	—	All initial local excision	29	0	7	—	66	—	—	7	3	(26) [5–89]
Mohiuddin et al.27	2002	13	—	All prior RT	103	—	100	—	—	—	—	—	—	(19) [2–86]
Pezner et al.28	2002	10	—	All prior RT, all IORT	15	27	100	80	—	—	33	7	7	(25) [0–62]
Hahnloser et al.29‡	2003	15.5	429	No M1 after preoperative RT	304	29	—	—	23	23	54	0	0	(33) [2–175]
Saito et al.30	2003	14.3	—	No anastomotic recurrence	85	61	0	—	—	—	—	31	0	(22) [10–56]
Kakuda et al.31	2003	12.5	—	All exenteration	22	—	—	—	14	38	48	9	0	—
Bakx et al.32	2004	15	—	No initial local excision	40	28	55	—	38	28	34	5	5	(17) [5–188]
Moriya et al.33	2004	18	163	All sacral resection	57	51	4	—	0	0	100	9	9	(23) [7–102]
Reerink et al.34	2004	9.6	50	No palliative intent	40	20	0	0	—	—	—	0	0	(17) [5–74]
Weiser et al.35	2005	33	—	All initial R0 local excision	50	0	44	—	49	—	—	16	16	(20) [4–70]
Vermaas et al.36	2005	18	117	Not fit enough, M1	92	25	—	—	—	—	31	2	—	(15) [2–186]
Boyle et al.37	2005	7	64		64	34	58	—	33	31	36	—	—	31
Henry et al.38	2005	15	90	19 no data on hydronephrosis	71	27	58	69	51	—	—	4	4	24
Rudmik et al.39	2005	9	—	All intraluminal recurrence	9	0	11	11	56	44	0	0	0	(21) [8–53]
Melton et al.40	2006	17	—	All sacral resection	29	45	93	76	—	—	—	10	10	(44) [15–294]
Valentini et al.41	2006	4.2	—	All prior RT	59	24	100	75	—	—	41	0	0	(27) [9–106]
Bedrosian et al.42	2006	10	134	No palliative intent (R2 or M1)	85	23	—	—	—	—	—	0	0	(22) [1–113]
Asoglu et al.43	2007	7	72	No irresectable or M1	50	34	100	—	0	48	52	0	0	(24) [4–113]
Palmer et al.44	2007	10	141	All surgical exploration	57	28	30	—	35	—	—	18	2	(16) [3–79]
Wells et al.45	2007	7.9	52		52	23	46	62	—	—	—	12	0	(21) [3–166]
Wiig et al.46	2008	13.3	204	No prior RT	150	27	0	—	37	—	—	5	0	(19) [3–161]
Heriot et al.47	2008	16.7	160		160	7	6	—	30	—	—	—	—	(23) [1–159]
Schurr et al.48	2008	—	72		72	28	76	69	—	—	—	27	13	42
Tanaka et al.49	2008	18	43		43	—	0	70	—	—	—	19	0	(26) [3–100]
Rades et al.50	2008	11	—	All RT for recurrence	94	—	0	18	—	—	—	33	0	—
Sagar et al.51§	2009	6	—	All sacral resection	40	40	38	45	—	—	—	5	5	(35) [12–104]
Kusters et al.52	2009	13.9	209	No irresectable	170	31	51	—	25	35	40	0	0	(29) [3–283]
Fujii et al.53	2009	20	76	No R2 resection or M1	61	—	—	—	—	—	—	0	0	—
de Chaisemartin et al.54	2009	—	18	—	18	—	22	33	44	34	22	22	0	(14) [3–60]
Park et al.55	2009	7	—	No T1, M1 or local excision	62	48	19	100	—	—	—	0	0	28
Pacelli et al.56	2010	15.9	157	No irresectable or M1	58	17	33	59	50	21	29	0	0	—
Das et al.57	2010	4	—	All prior RT	50	—	100	—	—	—	—	26	0	(28) [5–354]¶
Total					3767

APR = abdominoperineal resection; CT = adjuvant chemotherapy; Interval = mean (median) [range] time interval from primary tumour; IORT = intraoperative radiotherapy; M1 = distant metastasis either before or synchronous with local recurrence; M1res = resected distant metastasis; Ni = initial population; Ns = study population after selection; RT = radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy, either pre- or postoperative; S0 = no symptoms; S1 = symptomatic without pain; S2 = symptomatic with pain.

^*Unless otherwise indicated.

^†24 and 3 patients also included by Shoup et al.²⁵ and Melton et al.⁴⁰ respectively.

^‡Including 123 patients described by Gunderson et al.⁶

^§7 patients already described by Boyle et al.³⁷

^¶Interval between RT treatments (7 patients previous RT for other cancer).