Table 2. Weight at birth, weight at six months, change in weight status during first six months (standard deviation and percent of infants with rapid growth by potentially influencing factors.
| Birth | 6 months | Change in weight | Rapid growth | ||
| n | z-score (95% CI) | z-score (95% CI) | z-score (95% CI) | % | |
| Overall | 1287 | 0.38 (0.33; 0.43) | 0.33 (0.27; 0.38) | –0.06 (–0.11; 0.00) | 23.8 |
| Country of birth | |||||
| Turkey | 115 | 0.29 (0.13; 0.45) | 0.42 (0.27; 0.58) | 0.14 (0.02; 0.33) | 21.7 |
| Eastern European countries | 145 | 0.45 (0.29; 0.61) | 0.49 (0.35; 0.64) | 0.04 (–0.13; 0.22) | 22.1 |
| Other | 124 | 0.21 (0.04; 0.37) | 0.23 (0.04; 0.42) | 0.02 (–0.17; 0.21) | 26.6 |
| Germany | 903 | 0.41 (0.35; 0.47) | 0.30 (0.24; 0.36) | –0.11 (–0.18; –0.04) | 23.9 |
| p-value* | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||
| Parental socioeconomic status | |||||
| Low SES | 366 | 0.27 (0.18; 0.37) | 0.35 (0.24; 0.45) | 0.07 (–0.04; 0.18) | 27.3 |
| Middle SES | 612 | 0.41 (0.33; 0.48) | 0.33 (0.26; 0.40) | –0.08 (–0.17; 0.01) | 24.0 |
| High SES | 269 | 0.49 (0.38; 0.59) | 0.30 (0.18; 0.42) | –0.18 (–0.30; –0.06) | 18.6 |
| p-value* | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.01 | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 954 | 0.45 (0.39; 0.51) | 0.30 (0.24; 0.36) | –0.15 (–0.22; –0.08) | 20.4 |
| Yes | 304 | 0.17 (0.06; 0.28) | 0.42 (0.31; 0.54) | 0.25 (0.12; 0.39) | 35.5 |
| p-value* | <0.01 | 0.05 | <0.01 | ||
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding | |||||
| Never | 130 | 0.23 (0.09; 0.36) | 0.46 (0.28; 0.64) | 0.23 (0.03; 0.44) | 33.1 |
| ≤3 months | 514 | 0.31 (0.22; 0.39) | 0.38 (0.30; 0.46) | 0.08 (–0.01; 0.17) | 27.2 |
| 4–5 months | 244 | 0.54 (0.43; 0.64) | 0.30 (0.18; 0.41) | –0.24 (–0.36; –0.12) | 16.8 |
| ≥6 months | 326 | 0.45 (0.34; 0.56) | 0.17 (0.06; 0.28) | –0.28 (–0.40; –0.16) | 19.6 |
| p-value* | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | |||||
| Normal weight | 644 | 0.33 (0.26; 0.40) | 0.31 (0.23; 0.38) | –0.02 (–0.10; 0.06) | 24.5 |
| Overweight/ obese | 362 | 0.47 (0.37; 0.57) | 0.35 (0.26; 0.45) | –0.11 (–0.23; 0.00) | 22.1 |
| p-value* | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.19 | ||
| Adequacy of GWG (IOM) | |||||
| <ideal weight gain | 185 | 0.03 (–0.11; 0.17) | 0.19 (0.05; 0.32) | 0.16 (0.00; 0.31) | 28.7 |
| ideal weight gain | 342 | 0.35 (0.26; 0.45) | 0.35 (0.25; 0.45) | 0.00 (–0.11; 0.11) | 24.9 |
| >ideal weight gain | 410 | 0.53 (0.43; 0.62) | 0.38 (0.28; 0.47) | –0.15 (–0.25; –0.04) | 21.7 |
| p-value* | <0.01 | 0.08 | <0.01 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | |||||
| No | 1227 | 0.38 (0.33; 0.43) | 0.32 (0.27; 0.38) | –0.06 (–0.12; 0.00) | 23.2 |
| Yes | 60 | 0.38 (0.12; 0.64) | 0.40 (0.15; 0.66) | 0.02 (–0.25; 0.29) | 35.0 |
| p-value* | 0.99 | 0.54 | 0.58 |
*
p-value from global F-test in ANOVA.