Table 1. Distributions of demographic characteristics in 426 controls and 470 male patients with oral cancer.

Variable	Controls (N = 426)	Patients (N = 470)	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	p value
Betel nut chewing
No	336 (78.9%)	99 (21.1%)	1.00
Yes	90 (21.1%)	371 (78.9%)	13.991(10.145–19.293)	p<0.001*
Alcohol consumption
No	241 (56.6%)	175 (37.2%)	1.00
Yes	185 (43.4%)	295 (62.8%)	2.196 (1.680–2.870)	p<0.001*
Tobacco use
No	224 (52.6%)	61 (13.0%)	1.00
Yes	202 (47.4%)	409 (87.0%)	7.435 (5.348–10.336)	p<0.001*

Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher’s exact test was used between healthy controls and patients with oral cancer. * Statistically significant, p<0.05.