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. 2013 Apr 5;4:70. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00070

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Copyright © Sattler and Funnell-Harris.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

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A model for monolignol pathway. In phenylpropanoid metabolism, there are 10 enzymatic steps (green) leading to hydroxycinnamyl alcohols which are polymerized into lignin, namely; phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate transferase (HCT), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C’3H), caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), cinnamyl CoA reductase (CRR), ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD).