Table 1.
Representative NPs with EPI-activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria
| S. aureus EPIs | Synergist | Isolated From | EPI [C] | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyphenols | ||||
| 4,5 caffeoylquinic acid | fluoroquinolones | Artemisia absinthum | 10mg/L | [188] |
| 2-Arylbenzofuran | ||||
| spinosan A | Berberine | Dalea spinosa | 48 µM | [189] |
| pterocarpan | - | - | 56 µM | - |
| N-Caffeoylphenalkylamides | ||||
| N-trans-feruloyl 4’-O-methyldopamine | Norfloxacin | Mirabilis jalapa | 100 mg/L | [190] |
| Chalcones | ||||
| chalcone | Berberine | D. versicolor | 10 mg/L | [191] |
| Coumarins | ||||
| 4-{[(E)-5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxiranyl)-3-methyl-2-pentenyl]oxy}-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one | Norfloxacin | grape fruit oil | 35.7 mg/L | [192] |
| 7-{[(E)-5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxiranyl)-3-methyl-2-pentenyl]oxy}-2H-2-chromenone | - | - | 30 mg/L | [192] |
| Galbanic acid | Ciprofloxacin | Ferula szowitsiana | 300 mg/L | [193] |
| - | Ethidium Bromide | - | 0.5 mg/L | - |
| Flavones | ||||
| baicalein 5, 6, 7-trihydroxyflavone | Tetracycline | Thymus vulgaris L | n/a | [194] |
| Flavonols | ||||
| chrysosplenol-D | Berberine | Artemisia annua | 25 mg/L | [195] |
| chrysoplenetin | - | - | 6.25 mg/L | - |
| Tiliroside | Ciprofloxacin | Herissantia tiubae | 32 mg/L | [196] |
| Flavonolignans | ||||
| 5’-methoxyhydnocarpin-D | Norfloxacin | Berberis aetnensis | 10 mg/L | [197] |
| Isoflavones | ||||
| genistein | Norfloxacin | Lupinus argenteus | 10 mg/L | [198] |
| orobol | - | - | - | - |
| biochanin A | - | - | - | - |
| Homoisoflavonoids | ||||
| bonducellin | Berberine | Caesalpinia digyna | unpublished data | |
| 8-methoxybonducellin | - | - | - | |
| Phenylpropanoids | ||||
| acetoxycavicolacetate | Ethidium Bromide | Alpinia galanga | 50 mg/L | unpublished data |
| Tannins | ||||
| epicatechin gallate | Norfloxacin | 20 mg/L | [199] | |
| epigallocatechin gallate | - | - | - | |
| epigallocatechin gallate | Tetracycline | Green tea | 0,0625-0.125mg /L | [200] |
| Diterpenes | ||||
| Carnosic acid | Erythromycin | Rosmarinus officinalis | 10mg/L | [201] |
| carnosol | Erythromycin | R. officinalis | 10mg/L | [201] |
| (+) Totarol | Ethidium bromide | Chamaecyparis nootkatensis | 5 mg/L | [202] |
| isopimarane diterpenes: methyl-1alpha-acetoxy-7alpha 14alpha-dihydroxy-8,15-isopimaradien-18-oate and methyl-1alpha,14alpha-diacetoxy-7alpha-hydroxy-8,15-isopimaradien-18-oate | Tetracycline | Lycopus europaeus | [203] | |
| ferruginol | Norfloxacin, Oxacillin | C. lawsoniana | 2 mg/L | [204] |
| Triterpenoids | ||||
| oleanolic acid | C. edulis | 10mg/L | [205] | |
| ulvaol | C. edulis | 10mg/L | - | |
| Oligosaccharides-Glycosides | ||||
| murucoidins XII-XVI | Norfloxacin | Ipomoea murucoides | 5-25 mg/L | [206] |
| orizabin XIX -IX-XV | Norfloxacin | Mexican Morning Glory Spp. | 1-25 mg/L | [207] |
| polyacetylated neohesperidosides | Berberine/fluroquinolones | Geranium caespitosum | 10 mg/L | [208] |
| Resin glycosides (murucoidins, pescaprein and stoloniferin) | fluoroquinolones | I. murucoides | [209] | |
| kaempferol-3-O-beta-d-(6''-E-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside) | Corfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Ofloxacin | Herissantia tiubae | 10 mg/L | [196] |
| piperine | Ciprofloxacin | Piper nigrum | 50 mg/L | [210] |
| 2,6-Dimethyl-4-phenylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester | - | Jatropha elliptica | 2 mg/L | [211] |
| reserpine | Tetracycline, Norfloxacin | Rauwolfia vomitoria | [19] | |
| harmaline | Ethidium Bromide | Peganum harmala | [212] | |
| ergotamine | Norfloxacin | Claviceps purpurea | [19] | |
| pheophorbide a | Ciprofloxacin | Berberis aetnensis | 0.5 mg/L | [213] |
| julifloridine, juliflorine and juliprosine | Norfloxacin | Prosopis juliflora | [214] | |
| indoles, indirubicin | Ciprofloxacin | Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. | 12.5-25 mg/L | [215] |
| Pyridines | ||||
| 2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester | fluoroquinolones | Jatropha elliptica | [192, 211] | |