Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of all study participants who were enrolled at baseline and follow-up
| |
Baseline |
Follow-up |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women with diabetes n= 30 | Controls n= 30 | Difference between groups p-value | Women with diabetes n= 15 | Controls n= 22 | Difference between groups p-value | |
| Age, years |
71.1 (4.8) |
70.7 (4.9) |
0.816 |
73.9 (3.6) |
72.5 (4.9) |
0.324 |
| Caucasian, n (%) |
23 (79.3) |
30 (100.0) |
0.017* |
12 (80) |
22 (100.0) |
0.009* |
| History of osteoporotic fracturea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Since age 40 years, n (%) |
5 (17.7) |
6 (20.0) |
0.738 |
- |
- |
- |
| Since baseline assessment, n (%) |
- |
- |
- |
2 (13.3) |
1 (4.5) |
0.315 |
| BMI, kg/m2 |
34.6 (7.6) |
27.9 (5.5) |
<0.001* |
36.1 (5.7) |
27.9 (4.4) |
<0.001* |
| Waist:hip Ratio |
0.89 (0.07) |
0.83 (0.06) |
0.002* |
0.90 (0.05) |
0.83 (0.06) |
<0.001* |
| Body fat percentage, % |
40.3 (6.1) |
37.2 (6.5) |
0.056 |
41.8 (9.5) |
39.1 (4.2) |
0.256 |
| Time since menopause, years |
22 (7) |
22 (8) |
0.841 |
24 (5) |
23 (7) |
0.656 |
| Number of prescribed medications |
6.6 (3.5) |
1.9 (2.2) |
<0.001* |
8.1 (3.0) |
2.4 (2.5) |
<0.001* |
| Age-adjusted Charlson Index |
4.3 (1.5) |
0.1 (0.6) |
<0.001* |
4.5 (1.2) |
0.1 (0.6) |
<0.001* |
| Total calcium intake, mg/day |
1594 (696) |
2062 (590) |
0.007* |
1679 (890) |
2019 (639) |
0.697 |
| Supplemental, mg/day |
446 (481) |
678 (482) |
0.070 |
377 (480) |
603 (427) |
0.138 |
| Dietary, mg/day |
1148 (564) |
1397 (335) |
0.054 |
1345 (660) |
1241 (473) |
0.565 |
| Total vitamin D intake, IU/day |
806 (622) |
1177 (912) |
0.073 |
1316 (828) |
1488 (875) |
0.562 |
| Supplemental, IU/day |
626 (573) |
982 (921) |
0.080 |
993 (822) |
1285 (866) |
0.308 |
| Dietary, IU/day |
179 (142) |
195 (130) |
0.644 |
252 (124) |
218 (155) |
0.495 |
| Weekly energy expenditure, kcal/week |
1984 (2428) |
2584 (2203) |
0.333 |
959 (1129) |
2255 (1443) |
0.005* |
| TUG Test, seconds |
12.8 (4.0) |
9.4 (2.7) |
<0.001* |
14.4 (4.4) |
10.0 (3.4) |
<0.001* |
| TUG test >12 seconds, n (%) |
11 (44.0) |
4 (13.3) |
0.011* |
7 (46.6) |
2 (9.1) |
0.005* |
| Grip strength, kg |
18.8 (4.8) |
21.7 (6.3) |
0.058 |
16.3 (5.0) |
20.2 (6.1) |
0.048* |
| Bone density measurements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lumbar spine, g/cm2 |
1.07 (0.15) |
0.97 (0.19) |
0.025* |
1.11 (0.15) |
0.99 (0.15) |
0.022* |
| Lumbar spine T-score |
0.15 (1.40) |
-0.61 (1.66) |
0.038* |
0.47 (1.27) |
−0.51 (1.34) |
0.034* |
| Femoral neck, g/cm2 |
0.73 (0.11) |
0.69 (0.09) |
0.254 |
0.73 (0.11) |
0.69 (0.09) |
0.254 |
| Femoral neck T-score |
−1.11 (1.02) |
1.40 (0.89) |
0.288 |
−1.14 (0.68) |
−1.31 (0.88) |
0.524 |
| Total hip, g/cm2 |
0.87 (0.12) |
0.86 (0.11) |
0.639 |
0.88 (0.12) |
0.87 (0.10) |
0.759 |
| Total hip T-score | −0.58 (0.99) | -0.70 (0.95) | 0.657 | −0.54 (0.72) | −0.59 (0.87) | 0.853 |
Values are mean (SD), unless indicated. * indicates significant between-group differences at p-value <0.05.
aAtraumatic osteoporotic fracture includes hip, wrist, spine or proximal humerus fracture.
Abbreviations: body mass index, BMI; timed-up-and-go, TUG.