Table 1.

Phenotypes of blood vessel buckling.

Description	Sketch	Example Conditions
Lumen collapse		arteries – stenoses,22, 97 veins – surface compression, 21 internal jugular vein – catheter insertion,56 coronary arteries – cardiac contraction 81
Axial bent buckling		carotid artery – aging, hypertension,19, 55 retinal arteries and veins – retinopathy,60, 95 vein grafts – over length4
Twist buckling		anastomoses, 53, 86, 88 coronary vessels – cardiac contraction,80 vein grafts,20, 26 vertebral artery – head rotation3, 59
Kinking		iliac arteries,87 internal carotid arteries79, 108
Helical buckling		vein grafts114 “corkscrew” collaterals91