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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Surg. 2008 Jun 26;207(3):326–335. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.04.021

Table 2.

Potential Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection After Breast Surgery Included in Study

Potential Risk Factors for Breast Surgical Site Infections
Preoperative Intraoperative Postoperative
Age Skin antisepsis Serum Glucose
Gender Razor shaving vs. clipping Hemoglobin, hematocrit
Medicaid Prophylactic antibiotics (type, duration prior to incision, 2nd dose for surgeries with duration > 6 hours) Transfusions (number and type received during and/or after operation, before discharge from surgical admission)
Body mass index Local infiltration Pathology
 Carcinoma in-situ
 Invasive carcinoma
 Histologic grade and stage
 Weight of removed breast tissue
 Tumor stage (TNM)
Diabetes, including form of control Use of operating microscope (TRAM abdomen only) Postoperative antibiotics
 Duration
 Type(s)
Serum Glucose Intraoperative irrigation Discharged on antibiotics
Smoking history Hemostatic agent Postoperative complications
 Hematoma
 Seroma
Alcohol use Type of procedure
 Mastectomy
 Implant
 Flap
 Reduction only
Menopausal status Breast implant
 Tissue expander vs. permanent
Skin disorders If implant, antibiotic/antiseptic soaked
Previous breast surgery Type of flap
Previous needle or open biopsy Lymph node dissection
 Sentinel node
 Axillary dissection
 No. of nodes removed
Steroid therapy Duration of surgery
Preoperative chemotherapy or irradiation Estimated blood loss
ASA class Drains (number and type)
Hemoglobin, hematocrit Surgeon(s), resident surgeon(s)