Table 2.
Ethnic differences in main pro-inflammatory cytokines.
| Study (Author and Ref) |
Subjects | Marker | Results | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert et al. [63] |
24,455 White, Hispanic, and Asian adult females. Health Study in the United States. | CRP | Median/interquartile range (IQR) Black: 2.96 mg/L (1.19, 5.86) White: 2.02 mg/L (0.81, 4.37) Hispanic: (2.06 mg/L (0.88, 4.88) Asian: (1.12 mg/L (0.48, 2.25) |
Black women had significantly higher values of CRP than White, Hispanic, and Asian. P < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Chandalia et al. [64] |
137 South Asian and White adult males | CRP | Mean: Asian Indians: 0.99 mg/dL White: 0.58 mg/dL |
Asian Indians had significantly higher concentrations of hs-CRP than Caucasians. P = 0.036. |
|
| ||||
| McDade et al. [65] |
229 Black, White, and Hispanic adult. | CRP | Median/(IQR) White: Females: 1.05 mg/L (0.44, 1.88) Males: 0.59 (0.44, 1.50) Black: Females: 3.30 mg/L (1.39, 4.47) Males: 1.07 mg/L (0.37, 1.70) Hispanic: Females: 1.49 mg/L (0.78, 3.10) Males: 1.00 mg/L (0.55, 1.65) |
Black had significantly higher CRP concentrations than the other groups. P = 0.007 |
|
| ||||
| Schutte et al. [66] |
217 Black and White adult females. POWIRS study. | CRP | Mean ± SD Black: 4.59 mg/L (3.17; 6.01) White: 3.27 mg/L (2.56; 3.98) |
Black women had significantly higher hs-CRP levels compared to white women. P < 0.05 |
|
| ||||
| Patel et al. [67] |
1083 Black and White adults. Bogalusa Heart Study. | CRP | Mean ± SD White: Males: 1.8 ± 1.9 mg/L; Females: 2.5 ± 2.3 mg/L; Black: Males: 2.3 ± 2.3 mg/L Females: 2.7 ± 2.4 mg/L |
Black had significantly higher CRP values than Whites. P < 0.01. |
|
| ||||
| Khera et al. [68] |
2,749 White and Black adults. Dallas Heart Study. | CRP | Median Black: 3.0 mg/L White: 2.3 mg/L; |
Significantly higher CRP values in blacks. P < 0.001. |
|
| ||||
| Ford et al. [69] |
2205 Whites, Black, and Mexican American adult females. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. |
CRP | Mean Whites: 2.3 mg/L Black: 3.1 mg/L Mexican American: 3.5 mg/L |
Significantly higher CRP in Mexican-American women than White women. P < 0.001. |
|
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| Ford et al. [70] |
1940 White, Black, Mexican, and other American adults. | CRP | Median: White: 1.6 mg/L Black: 1.7 mg/L Mexican: 1.5 mg/L Other: 1.8 mg/L |
No significant differences between ethnicities. |
|
| ||||
| LaMonte et al. [71] |
135 Black, Native and White adult females. American Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study (CAPS). |
CRP |
Mean ± SD Native: 0.25 ± 0.03 mg/dL Whites: 0.23 ± 0.13 mg/dL Black: 0.43 ± 0.03 mg/dL |
Significantly higher CRP concentrations among Black compared with Native and White. P = 0.002. |
|
| ||||
|
Elkind et al. [72] |
279 Hispanic, Black, and White American adult. Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. | CRP | Mean ± SD White: 1.88 ± 2.75 mg/L Black: 2.64 ± 4.62 mg/L Hispanic: 2.11 ± 3.50 mg/L |
There were some differences in levels of marker by ethnicity but none were statistically significant. |
| TNF-α | White: 2.71 ± 4.25 pg/mL Black: 1.04 ± 1.63 pg/mL |
|||
| IL-6 | White: 1.15 ± 1.08 pg/mL Black: 1.36 ± 1.51 pg/mL |
|||
| IL-1 | White: 0.23 ± 0.43 pg/mL Black: 0.35 ± 0.59 pg/mL; |
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|
| ||||
| Wener et al. [73] |
22,000 multiethnic individuals age ≥ 4 yrs. Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES III). | CRP | 95th percentile value Males: 0.95 mg/dL Females: 1.39 mg/dL. |
The values for Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites were similar, compared with non-Hispanic black adults females, who had higher levels. |
|
| ||||
| Chatha et al. [74] |
191 White and Indo-Asian. British adults. | CRP | Mean ± SD Indo Asian: Female 2.29 (1.52) mg/L Male 1.77 (1.46) mg/ L Whites: Female 2.23 (1.54) mg/ L; Male 1.94 (1.45) mg/ L. |
Serum CRP concentrations were similar in Indo-Asians and White. |
|
| ||||
| Chambers et al. [75] |
1532 Asians and White. British adults. | CRP | Mean ± SD: Whites: 1.47 ± 1.62 mg/L Asians: 1.71 ± 1.81 mg/L |
Significantly higher CRP concentration in Asians compared with whites. P = 0.02. |
|
| ||||
| Forouhi et al. [76] |
113 adult South Asian and White British adults. |
CRP | Mean White: Male: 0.92 (0.34–1.61) mg/L Female: 0.70 (0.41–1.70) mg/L South Asian: Male: 1.07 (0.76–1.50) mg/L Female: 1.35 (0.72–3.04) mg/L |
Median CRP level in South Asian women was nearly double that in European women. (P = 0.05). |
| CRP | Mean Black: 2.5 mg/L Whites: 2.1 mg/L |
Afro-Caribbean had significantly higher TNF-α (P = 0.001), and IL-6 (P = 0.036) levels. | ||
|
| ||||
|
Kalra et al. [77] |
160 Black and White. British adults. | IL-6 | Whites: 1.5 pg/mL Black: 2.3 pg/mL |
No significance in CRP levels despite elevated IL-6 and TNF-α. |
| TNF-α | Whites: 4.3 ± 3.6 mg/m/L Black: 6.7 ± 6.1 pg/mL. |
CRP was significantly lower in Black men and women than in other ethnic groups. P < 0.05. | ||
|
| ||||
| Heald et al. [78] |
440 White, Pakistani, and Black British adults. Population-based community survey. |
CRP | Mean Black: Male: 1.0 mg/L Female: 1.3 mg/L White: Male: 2.2 mg/L Female: 2.1 mg/L Pakistani: Male: 1.7 mg/L Female: 2.8 mg/L 2.8(2.1–3.6) mg/L |
|
|
| ||||
| Mwantembe et al. [79] |
72 Black and White adults. Study performed in South Africa. |
IL-1 | Mean ± SD Whites: 1.99 ± 1.88 pg/mL Blacks: 2.69 ± 2.58 pg/mL; |
No significant differences |
|
| ||||
| Petersen et al. [80] |
482 South-Asians and White young adults. |
IL-6 TNF- α |
Mean: Whites: 0.78 pg/mL South-Asians: 1.60 pg/mL; Whites: 1.13 pg/mL South-Asians: 1.29 pg/mL |
Significantly higher IL-6 concentrations in South-Asians compared with White men. P < 0.001. |
|
| ||||
| Albandar et al. [81] |
228 White, Hispanic, Black adults. | IL-1 | Mean: White: 28.4 pg/mL Hispanic: 34.7 pg/mL Black: 21.7 pg/mL |
Hispanics had higher IL-1beta concentrations than Blacks. P = 0.05. |
|
| ||||
| Hong et al. [82] |
70 White, Black American Adults. | IL-6 | Mean: IL-6 1.36 (±0.80) pg/mL. |
No significant differences between ethnicities. |