Table 3.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines in children and adolescents.
| Study (Author and Ref) |
Subjects | Marker | Results | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
López-Jaramillo, et al. [27] |
325 schoolchildren (mean age, 10.0 years) from Colombia | CRP | Mean (mg/dL) ± SD Boys: 1.2 ± 2.6 Girls: 1.5 ± 2.0 BMI: 15 0.6 ± 0.9 BMI: 17 1.1 ± 2.2 BMI: 21 1.9 ± 3.7 |
CRP levels correlate significantly with BMI. (P < 0.01). |
|
| ||||
| Gillum [83] |
996 Mexican American children aged 6–11 years. | CRP | Detectable CRP was seen in 34.7% of overweight children but only 6.8% of other children (P = 0.0006, RR = 5.12, 95% CI: 3.32–7.90). | CRP levels correlate significantly with BMI. (P < 0.01). |
|
| ||||
| Visser et al. [84] |
3512 American children (8 to 16 years of age). | CRP | Percentile value CRP (mg/dL) CRP (4–11 years of age: >0.37 mg/dL for boys >0.68 mg/dL for girls Based on the BMI For overweight girls: 5.59 (95% CI: 2.20–14.22) For overweight boys: 6.12 (95% CI: 1.23–30.52) |
CRP levels correlate significantly with BMI. (P < 0.01). |
|
| ||||
| Cook et al. [28] |
699 (10 to 11 years of age) multiethnic study in children. | CRP | Median mg/L All groups: 0.15 (IQ 0.06–0.47) South Asian: 2.40 (1.42, 4.04) Other: 0.82 (0.35, 1.87) |
CRP was strongly related to adiposity (95% CI, 155–439%) and was higher in South Asian children. |
|
| ||||
| Ford [29] |
3348 White, Black and Mexican-American US children and young adults. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000, |
CRP | Median White: 1.6 mg/L Black: 1.7 mg/L Mexican-American: 1.5 mg/L Other: 1.8 mg/L |
No significant differences between ethnicities. |
|
| ||||
| Aeberli et al. [30] | 33 Swiss children (6 to 14 years of age). Normal-weight (n = 33), overweight (n = 19), and obese (n = 27) |
CRP | CRP median (mg/dL) IL-6 (pg/mL) TNF-α (pg/mL) Overweight: 0.03 (0.01–0.42) Obese: 0.10 (0.03–0.23) |
CRP, IL-6 increased significantly (P < 0.02) with increasing adiposity, independent of age. |
| IL-6 | Overweight: 0.34 (0.05–1.81) Obese: 0.41 (0.14–2.00) |
|||
| TNF-α | Overweight: 6.3 (4.2–11.8) Obese: 7.2 (4.1–21.8) |
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|
| ||||
| Weiss et al. [85] |
439 White, Black and Hispanic, obese, overweight and nonobese American children and adolescents. | CRP |
Mean CRP (mg/dL), IL-6 (pg/mL) Blacks moderately obese: 0.13 Severely obese: 0.32 Whites moderately obese: 0.12 Severely obese: 0.31 Hispanics moderately obese: 0.13 Severely obese: 0.35 |
Interleukin-6 and CRP were significantly related to the degree of obesity (P < 0.001) |
| IL-6 | Blacks moderately obese: 1.89 Severely obese: 2.36 Whites moderately obese: 1.59 Severely obese: 1.80 Hispanics moderately obese: 2.07 Severely obese: 3.09 |
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|
| ||||
| Vikram et al. [86] |
62 Indian adolescents | CRP | Mean (mg/dL) ± SD Normal weight: 2.5 ± 2.7 Overweight: 4.1 ± 2.4 |
CRP levels correlate significantly with BMI (P < 0.05). |