Panel (a) displays the relationship between medulla volume and body weight. Both primates (light gray squares) and non-primates (dark gray diamonds) follow the same relationship, where medulla volume scales with body size. In contrast, total brain volume, Panel (b), does not follow the same relationship between primates and non primates. Instead there is an observable grade shift, such that primates have larger brain volumes by body mass than non-primates. Within groups, total brain volume scales regularly with body size.