Table 2. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for pancreatic cancer by quintiles of energy-adjusted intakes (mg per 1000 kcal) of total flavonoids and subtypes among 537 104 participants in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total flavonoids (mg per day)a |
34.3 |
65.2 |
101.7 |
171.4 |
388.0 |
|
| Cases (n) | 483 | 450 | 475 | 476 | 495 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.477 |
| Model 2c |
1.00 |
0.98 (0.86–1.11) |
1.06 (0.93–1.20) |
1.07 (0.94–1.22) |
1.09 (0.96–1.24) |
0.113 |
| Flavan-3-ols (mg per day)a |
8.6 |
22.9 |
51.1 |
118.7 |
331.2 |
|
| Cases (n) | 496 | 455 | 456 | 484 | 488 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.477 |
| Model 2 |
1.00 |
0.97 (0.85–1.10) |
0.98 (0.86–1.11) |
1.04 (0.92–1.18) |
1.03 (0.91–1.17) |
0.335 |
| Flavanones (mg per day)a |
2.6 |
9.0 |
18.8 |
30.6 |
55.4 |
|
| Cases (n) | 484 | 486 | 473 | 467 | 469 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.017 |
| Model 2 |
1.00 |
1.07 (0.94–1.21) |
1.02 (0.90–1.17) |
1.01 (0.89–1.16) |
1.06 (0.92–1.21) |
0.663 |
| Flavonols (mg per day)a |
4.5 |
7.2 |
9.6 |
12.9 |
21.2 |
|
| Cases (n) | 483 | 469 | 482 | 466 | 479 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.868 |
| Model 2 |
1.00 |
1.02 (0.89–1.16) |
1.08 (0.93–1.21) |
1.06 (0.93–1.21) |
1.09 (0.95–1.24) |
0.264 |
| Anthocyanidins (mg per day)a |
2.1 |
4.3 |
6.4 |
9.2 |
15.2 |
|
| Cases (n) | 498 | 476 | 459 | 458 | 488 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.88 (0.78– 1.00) | 0.661 |
| Model 2 |
1.00 |
0.99 (0.88–1.14) |
0.98 (0.86–1.12) |
1.01 (0.88–1.15) |
1.10 (0.96–1.27) |
0.022 |
| Flavones (mg per day)a |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
|
| Cases (n) | 473 | 445 | 517 | 483 | 461 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.224 |
| Model 2 |
1.00 |
1.02 (0.86–1.12) |
1.17 (1.03–1.34) |
1.11 (0.97–1.27) |
1.09 (0.95–1.25) |
0.172 |
| Isoflavones (mg per day)a |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
|
| Cases (n) | 497 | 478 | 483 | 470 | 451 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.95 (0.83–1.07) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.038 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.96 (0.85–1.10) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.435 |
a
Reported intakes (mg per day) are flavonoid subtype-specific median values.
b
Model 1 is adjusted for energy and sex, with age as the underlying time metric.
c
Model 2 is adjusted for sex, smoking (never, quit >10 years before, quit 5–9 years before, quit 1–4 years before, quit <1 year prior or current smoker ⩽20 cigarettes per day, quit <1 year prior, or current smoker >20 cigarettes per day), diabetes (yes/no), body mass index (18.5–<25, 25–<30, 30–⩽50 kg m−2, and missing), alcohol, calories, saturated fat and red meat intake (continuous variables), with age as the underlying time metric.