Table 1. Distributions of selected characteristics in subjects with or without a history of diabetes at baseline, and those who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or who remained free of HCC (non-HCC), Singapore Chinese Health Study 1993–2010.
| Non-diabetics | Diabetics | P-valuea | Non-HCC | HCC | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects |
55 852 |
5469 |
|
60 822 |
499 |
|
| Age at interview, mean (s.d.) |
56.0 (7.9) |
60.0 (7.7) |
<0.0001 |
56.4 (8.0) |
60.4 (7.5) |
<0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg m−2), mean(s.d.) |
23.0 (3.2) |
24.1 (3.3) |
<0.0001 |
23.1 (3.3) |
23.9 (3.5) |
<0.0001 |
|
Gender, % | ||||||
| Male | 44.6 | 43.1 | 0.035 | 44.3 | 73.3 | <0.001 |
| Female |
55.4 |
56.9 |
|
55.7 |
26.7 |
|
|
Dialect group, % | ||||||
| Cantonese | 46.3 | 45.6 | 0.375 | 46.2 | 38.5 | 0.0005 |
| Hokkien |
53.8 |
54.4 |
|
53.8 |
61.5 |
|
|
Level of education, % | ||||||
| No formal schooling | 26.4 | 35.0 | <0.0001 | 27.2 | 28.1 | 0.052 |
| Primary school | 44.4 | 44.1 | 44.4 | 48.3 | ||
| Secondary school or higher |
29.2 |
21.0 |
|
28.5 |
23.6 |
|
|
Alcohol (drinks per week), % | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | 80.2 | 88.6 | <0.0001 | 81.0 | 78.4 | <0.0001 |
| <7 | 14.9 | 8.5 | 14.3 | 12.2 | ||
| ⩾7 |
4.9 |
2.9 |
|
4.7 |
9.4 |
|
|
Tea consumption, % | ||||||
| Never-drinkers | 41.5 | 38.8 | <0.0001 | 41.3 | 35.9 | 0.018 |
| Monthly drinkers | 12.1 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.8 | ||
| Weekly drinkers | 24.3 | 24.7 | 24.3 | 23.6 | ||
| Daily drinkers |
22.2 |
24.7 |
|
22.4 |
27.7 |
|
|
Smoking status, % | ||||||
| Never-smokers | 69.6 | 67.8 | <0.0001 | 69.6 | 46.3 | <0.0001 |
| Former smokers | 10.4 | 15.9 | 10.8 | 19.6 | ||
| Current smokers |
20.0 |
16.3 |
|
19.6 |
34.1 |
|
| Coffee intake (cups per week), mean (s.d.) | 9.8 (8.5) | 8.2 (7.9) | <0.0001 | 9.7 (8.5) | 9.1 (8.1) | 0.149 |
a
Two-sided P-values were derived from χ2 (for frequencies) or t-test (for means).