Table 12.

Mechanisms of Action Exerted by (Poly)phenol Metabolites in Experimental Models Related to Cardiovascular Diseases

Class	Metabolite	Mechanisms	Model	Reference
Anthocyanins	Protocatechuic acid	Monocyte adhesion ↓	Mouse endothelial cells	481
		VCAM1 ↓, ICAM1 ↓	Apo-E mice	481
Chlorogenic acids	m-Coumaric acid, dihydroferulic acid	oxLDL =	Chemical LDL oxidation	155
	Dihydroferulic acid, 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	Platelet reactivity ↓, P-selectin −, NOS ↑	Platelets	371
Flavan-3-ols	Mixture of plasma metabolites from rats	Monocyte adhesion ↓, ROS ↓	Human aortic endothelial cells	251
	4′,4”-Di-O-methyl-EGCG	ICAM1 −	Human aortic endothelial cells	285
Flavonols	3′- and 4′-O-methyl-quercetin	ICAM1 −, E-selectin −, VCAM1 =	Human aortic endothelial cells	285
	Quercetin-3′-O-sulfate, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucuronide	ICAM1 =, VCAM 1 −, MCP1 =	HUVECs	459
	Quercetin-3′-O-sulfate, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucuronide	VCAM1 =, ICAM1 =, MCP1 =	TNFα-activated human artery smooth muscle cells	496
	Quercetin-3′-O-sulfate, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucuronide	Vasorelaxation =, NO =, NOS =	Rat thoracic aortic rings	282
Lignans, isoflavones	Equol	Vasorelaxation ↑, NO ↑, eNOS ↑	Human aortic rings, HUVECs	232, 394
	Equol	PXR ↑, CYP3A4+	Human primary hepatocytes	279
	Equol	eNOS+, relaxation	Ritonavir-induced eNOS downregulation and blockage of BK relaxation	74

↑, signaling/effect activation; ↓, signaling/effect inhibition; =, no significant change; +, expression induction (upregulation); −, expression inhibition (downregulation); EGCG, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; oxLDL, oxidated low-density lipoprotein; PXR, pregnane X receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.