Table 1.
Various types of pharmacogenomic effects in drug action
| Drug | Gene | Effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetics | ||||
| Codeine | CYP2D6 (34) | Increase in the amount of active drug by variants | ||
| Clopidogrel | CYP2C19 (80) | Increase in the amount of active drug by variants | ||
| Warfarin | CYP2C9 (81) | Changes in drug levels in blood by variants | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | ||||
| Warfarin | VKORC1 (21) | Increase or decrease of effectiveness of drug | ||
| Capecitabine | DPD (82) | Decrease in breakdown of 5-FU metabolite | ||
| Responsiveness | ||||
| Panitumumab | k-RAS (83) | Requirement of wild-type k-RAS for drug efficacy | ||
| Imatinib | c-KIT (84) | Requirement of wild-type c-KIT for drug efficacy | ||
| Tretinoin | PML/RARα translocation (85) | Increased drug responsiveness | ||
| Unknown mechanisms | ||||
| Carbamazepine | HLA-B*1502 (86) | Increased risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis | ||
| Abacavir | HLA-B*5701 (87) | Multiorgan systemic hypersensitivity, which may lead to death | ||
Abbreviations: 5-FU, fluorouracil; CYP, cytochrome P450; DPD, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; VKOR, vitamin K epoxide reductase.