Table 1.

Independent variables predicting the relative dominance rank of yellow-bellied marmots based on agonistic interactions.

	estimate ± s.e.	t-value	p-value
(a) full dataset: early play of pups and yearlings predicts dominance in subsequent yearsa
(intercept)	0.336 ± 0.047	7.216	<0
life-history stage when dominance recorded (yearling)	−0.137 ± 0.028	−4.966	<0.00001
no. of years between play and agonistic measures of rank	0.038 ± 0.008	4.986	<0.00001
relative rank based on outcomes of play	0.136 ± 0.048	2.819	0.005
sex (male)	0.064 ± 0.029	2.208	0.028
body mass for season in which play recorded	0.00002 ± 0.00001	1.955	0.051
rate of early play	−0.014 ± 0.035	−0.403	0.567
(b) reduced dataset: play outcomes for pups predicts relative dominance rank of yearlingsb
(intercept)	0.103 ± 0.108	0.950	0.343
relative rank based on outcomes of play	0.179 ± 0.053	3.371	0.0009
sex (male)	0.334 ± 0.142	2.354	0.019
body mass for season in which play recorded	0.00009 ± 0.00008	1.202	0.230
rate of early play	0.048 ± 0.059	0.828	0.408
sex × body mass	−0.0002 ± 0.0001	−1.757	0.080
(c) reduced dataset: limited effects of early play on relative dominance of adultsc
(intercept)	0.335 ± 0.073	4.667	<0.000001
age as an adult when dominance measured	0.040 ± 0.008	5.280	<0.000001
life-history stage for which play recorded (yearling)	−0.087 ± 0.072	−1.210	0.227
relative rank based on outcomes of play	0.073 ± 0.078	0.934	0.351
body mass for season in which play recorded	0.00005 ± 0.00004	1.272	0.204
sex (male)	0.023 ± 0.052	0.418	0.676
rate of early play	−0.022 ± 0.039	−0.570	0.569

^aData on early play of pups and yearlings (2002–2010) and later dominance (2003–2011) ranks based on n = 281 and 494 measures, respectively, on 152 males and 127 females at seven colony sites.

^bData on pup play (2002–2010) and yearling dominance (2003–2011) ranks are based on n = 148 males and 122 females, respectively, at seven colony sites.

^cData on early play of pups and yearlings (2002–2010) and later dominance (2003–2011) ranks of adults based on n = 133 and 372 measures on 36 males and 72 females, respectively, at seven colony sites.