Table 1.
Characteristics of baseline cohort of study populationa
| Characteristic | Women | Men | Both sexes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 28 776 (100) | 21 207 (100) | 49 983 (100) |
| Age (years) | 51.3 (8.6) | 53.2 (9.4) | 52.1 (9.0) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Turkmen | 7595 (26.4) | 5175 (24.4) | 12 770 (25.5) |
| Turkmen | 21 181 (73.6) | 16 032 (75.6) | 37 213 (74.5) |
| Place of residence | |||
| Rural | 22 692 (78.9) | 17 287 (81.5) | 39 979 (80.0) |
| Urban | 6084 (21.1) | 3920 (18.5) | 10 004 (20.0) |
| Education level | |||
| No school | 24 673 (85.7) | 10 406 (49.1) | 35 079 (70.2) |
| Primary school | 2909 (10.1) | 5543 (26.1) | 8452 (16.9) |
| Middle school | 455 (1.6) | 1785 (8.4) | 2240 (4.5) |
| High school/higher | 739 (2.6) | 3473 (16.4) | 4212 (8.4) |
| Cigarette smoking | |||
| Never smoker | 28 338 (98.5) | 13 057 (61.6) | 41 395 (82.8) |
| Former smoker | 133 (0.4) | 3572 (16.8) | 3705 (7.4) |
| Current light smoker | 249 (0.9) | 2724 (12.8) | 2973 (6.0) |
| Current heavy smoker | 56 (0.2) | 1854 (8.7) | 1910 (3.8) |
| Cumulative use of cigarettes | |||
| 1–5 pack-years | 293 (1.0) | 2471 (11.7) | 2764 (5.5) |
| 5.1–10 pack-years | 60 (0.2) | 1200 (5.6) | 1260 (2.5) |
| 10.1–20 pack-years | 46 (0.2) | 1751 (8.3) | 1797 (3.6) |
| >20 pack-years | 39 (0.1) | 2713 (12.8) | 2752 (5.5) |
| Water-pipe smoking | |||
| Never | 28 418 (98.8) | 21 010 (99.1) | 49 428 (98.9) |
| Ever | 345 (1.2) | 187 (0.9) | 532 (1.1) |
| Nass chewing | |||
| Never | 28 477 (99.0) | 17 727 (83.6) | 46 204 (92.4) |
| Ever | 299 (1.0) | 3476 (16.4) | 3775 (7.6) |
| Opium use | |||
| Never | 26 421 (91.8) | 15 066 (71.1) | 41 487 (83.0) |
| Ever | 2352 (8.2) | 6139 (28.9) | 8491 (17.0) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.8 (5.8) | 25.1 (4.6) | 26.7 (5.5) |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 15 408 (53.8) | 13 187 (62.5) | 28 595 (57.5) |
| Yes | 13 251 (46.2) | 7917 (37.5) | 21 168 (42.5) |
| Self-reported diabetes | |||
| No | 26 424 (91.8) | 20 107 (94.8) | 46 531 (93.1) |
| Yes | 2349 (8.2) | 1098 (5.2) | 3447 (6.9) |
| Self-reported IHD | |||
| No | 26 991 (93.8) | 19 945 (94.1) | 46 936 (93.9) |
| Yes | 1785 (6.2) | 1262 (5.9) | 3047 (6.1) |
| Self-reported cancerb | |||
| No | 28 683 (99.7) | 21 163 (94.1) | 49 847 (97.3) |
| Yes | 93 (0.3) | 44 (0.2) | 137 (0.3) |
| Haematocrit (%) | |||
| Continuous variable | 40.0 (4.1) | 43.6 (4.3) | 41.5 (4.5) |
| Categories | |||
| 15–29 | 313 (1.1) | 89 (0.4) | 402 (0.8) |
| 30–34 | 1955 (6.8) | 415 (2.0) | 2370 (4.7) |
| 35–39 | 10 040 (34.9) | 2701 (12.7) | 12 741 (25.5) |
| 40–44 | 12 987 (45.1) | 8931 (42.1) | 21 918 (43.9) |
| 45–49 | 3286 (11.4) | 7509 (35.4) | 10 795 (21.6) |
| 50–54 | 168 (0.6) | 1451 (6.8) | 1619 (3.2) |
| 55–69 | 27 (0.1) | 111 (0.5) | 138 (0.3) |
aIHD, ischaemic heart disease. Figures are numbers (column percentages) except for age, body mass index, and haematocrit (continuous variable), for which mean (SD) is reported. Numbers may not add to column totals because of missing data.
bExcluding upper gastrointestinal cancer, which was among the exclusion criteria for this study.