Table 2.
Neural networks.
| Neural network | Description |
|---|---|
| Default Mode Network (DMN) | • Concerned with self-related cognitive activity; autobiographical and social functions (Buckner et al., 2008, Menon, 2011) |
| • Typically activated during wakeful rest; deactivated during externally prompted cognitive processing | |
| • Anchored in medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex (Menon, 2011); inferior parietal lobule and hippocampal formation, including entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex (Buckner et al., 2008) | |
| Central Executive Network (CEN) | • Concerned with future planning, decision-making, and control of attention and working memory (Menon, 2011) |
| • Typically activated during externally prompted cognitive processing | |
| • Anchored in dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices (Menon, 2011) | |
| • Distinct patterns of subcortical connectivity, including dorsal caudate nucleus and anterior and dorsomedial thalamus (Menon, 2011) | |
| Salience Network (SN) | • Concerned with detecting and orienting to salient internal and external events (Menon, 2011) and segregating the most relevant among them in order to guide behavior (Menon and Uddin, 2010) |
| • Important role in error monitoring and reactive control, thereby controlling the switch between activation and deactivation of large-scale networks such as CEN and DMN to modulate both exogenous and endogenous cognitive control (Sridharan et al., 2008) | |
| • Necessary for efficient regulation of activity in DMN; failure of regulation after TBI leads to inefficient cognitive control (Bonnelle et al., 2012); also involved in affect | |
| • Involves orbitofrontal cortex (involved in valuation of stimuli in general and rewards in particular; Delgado et al., 2000, O’Doherty et al., 2004); insula (cognition-emotion interface and socially egalitarian behavior; Gu et al., 2012, Dawes et al., 2012); anterior cingulate cortex (part of a circuit implicated in pain and negative emotions; Singer et al., 2004, Singer et al., 2006); amygdala (processes current stimulus valence of emotionally and socially relevant stimuli, such as faces; Adolphs, 2010) | |
| • Anchored in fronto-insular and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices (Menon, 2011) | |
| • Extensive connectivity with structures involved in the registration and utilization of affective information, including human emotions and reward (Adolphs, 2010, Kober et al., 2008, Menon, 2011; Singer, 2004; Singer et al., 2006) | |
| Mentalizing Network (MN) | • Refers to the ability to think about mental states in oneself and others; related to a cognitive ToM brain network (Hein and Singer, 2008, Kalbe et al., 2010) |
| • Anchored in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus, temporo-parietal junction, and temporal pole (Hein and Singer, 2008, Kalbe et al., 2010, Shamay-Tsoory and Aharon-Peretz, 2007, Zaitchik et al., 2010) | |
| Mirror Neuron Empathy Network (MNEN) | • Originally identified as neurons that fire not only when an action is performed but also when a similar action is passively observed (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004) |
| • Involved in imitation, action understanding, and social cognition (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2010); empathy (Gallese and Goldman, 1998); empathic interpersonal dyadic interactions (Schulte-Ruther et al., 2007) | |
| • Anchored in ventral premotor area, inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis and pars triangularis (Hadjikhani et al., 2006, Molenberghs et al., 2012, Rameson and Lieberman, 2009, Rameson et al., 2012, Schulte-Ruther et al., 2007) |