Table 1.

Non-word pairs used in the study. Each of the 35 non-word pairs was used in the visual task. The subset of 22 italicized non-word pairs was used in the auditory task. Non-word pairs had opposing F1/F2 shifts, but were otherwise matched for acoustic and speech features (volume, intonation, accentuation, plosives, fricatives, nasals, vowels, number of syllables, number of phonemes, number of graphemes; for more detail see Methods and Table S2).

	Upward F1/F2 shifts (Predicted Positive)	Downward F1/F2 shifts (Predicted Negative)
1	babopu	tatoku
2	pabu	dagu
3	bopo	koto
4	mobapo	nodago
5	bibapo	didago
6	masa	naza
7	pabapo	katako
8	mabapu	nadaku
9	bafaso	gavazo
10	mabo	nago
11	bafapo	davako
12	bepabo	degado
13	pasobi	tazogi
14	bopa	koga
15	bobipa	dodiga
16	pafabi	davagi
17	bupaba	dugada
18	bobipu	dodigu
19	mesabo	nezago
20	bepaso	tekazo
21	bapafo	katavo
22	mipaba	nidaga
23	besa	teza
24	pafobu	tavoku
25	pasa	kaza
26	besapa	dezaga
27	asofi	azovi
28	bofoba	kovoka
29	asaba	azaga
30	bobapu	kokatu
31	befosa	kevoza
32	mabapu	nataku
33	ousa	ouza
34	posabu	kozagu
35	bapibu	gadigu