. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Res Social Adm Pharm. 2013 Jan 4;9(6):10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.12.002. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.12.002

Table 2.

Bivariate logistic regression analyses of medication nonadherence correlates in older adults with Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension (n=897)

Potential Correlate	Nonadherence Outcome
	MMAS-4		CRN-2
	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-Value
Demographic Factors
Age	0.95 (0.91-1.00)	0.05	0.98 (0.90-1.07)	0.65
Sex: Male vs Female	0.99 (0.76-1.30)	0.96	0.69 (0.42-1.14)	0.15
Race: Black vs White	1.48 (1.12-1.95)	0.005	2.23 (1.36-3.65)	0.002
Education
Postsecondary	1.00 (Reference)	--	1.00 (Reference)	--
Less than high school	1.35 (0.94-1.91)	0.10	2.27 (1.24-4.16)	0.008
High school	1.15 (0.85-1.55)	0.38	1.38 (0.76-2.49)	0.29
Literacy level
≥ 9th grade	1.00 (Reference)	--	1.00 (Reference)	--
≤ 6th grade	1.13 (0.79-1.62)	0.50	2.35 (1.32-4.21)	0.004
7^th–8^th grade	1.15 (0.80-1.66)	0.44	1.62 (0.85-3.10)	0.14
Memphis site	1.32(1.01-1.72)	0.04	1.63 (0.98-2.70)	0.06
Married	0.95 (0.73-1.24)	0.70	0.37(0.21-0.65)	0.001
Health Status Factors
Number of regularly scheduled medications
0-4	1.00 (Reference)	--	1.00 (Reference)	--
5-8	1.26 (0.93-1.69)	0.13	1.08 (0.61-1.91)	0.17
≥9	1.16 (0.79-1.69)	0.45	1.78 (0.93-3.37)	0.18
Number of chronic cardiovascular conditions (DM, CHD, HTN)
1	1.00 (Reference)	--	1.00 (Reference)	--
2	1.19 (0.89-1.59)	0.23	1.51 (0.89-2.57)	0.13
3	0.62 (0.39-0.99)	0.04	1.63 (0.77-3.45)	0.20
Osteoporosis	1.27 (0.84-1.93)	0.26	1.21 (0.58-2.52)	0.61
Cancer	0.82 (0.60-1.13)	0.22	0.71 (0.38-1.32)	0.27
Depression (CES-D > 15)	1.12 (0.73-1.72)	0.60	1.30 (0.62-2.72)	0.49
Cognitive impairment (3MS < 80)	0.99 (0.68-1.47)	0.98	0.94 (0.45-1.94)	0.86
CVA	1.34 (0.89-2.03)	0.17	1.18 (0.57-2.47)	0.65
Dyslipidemia (LDL >130)	1.19 (0.85-1.66)	0.31	1.17 (0.64-2.16)	0.61
BMI (kg/m²)
>30	1.00 (Reference)	--	1.00 (Reference)	--
<25	0.94 (0.66-1.34)	0.74	0.68 (0.36-1.26)	0.22
25-30	1.01 (0.74-1.39)	0.94	0.60 (0.34-1.07)	0.08
Moderate/high intensity exercise	0.88 (0.65-1.19)	0.40	0.68 (0.37-1.25)	0.21
Fair/poor self-rated health (vs. excellent/very good/good)	1.40(1.02-1.92)	0.04	2.03 (1.21-3.40)	0.008
Physical function limitation	1.25 (0.92-1.69)	0.15	1.94 (1.17-3.23)	0.011
Falls	1.51 (1.14-2.01)	0.004	0.78 (0.45-1.36)	0.38
Sleep disturbances	1.48 (1.12-1.96)	0.005	1.45 (0.86-2.43)	0.16
Vision problems	1.03 (0.49-2.18)	0.94	0.42 (0.06-3.13)	0.40
Hearing problems	0.86 (0.46-1.62)	0.63	0.57 (0.14-2.42)	0.45
Current smoker	1.06 (0.48-2.33)	0.89	2.24 (0.75-6.71)	0.15
Flu shot in previous year	0.70 (0.49-0.99)	0.04	0.72 (0.40-1.32)	0.29
Access to Health Care Factors
Family income < $25,000	1.27 (0.96-1.68)	0.09	2.62 (1.54-4.46)	<0.001
Needs poorly met by income (vs. very well/fairly well)	1.39 (0.75-2.57)	0.29	4.36 (2.04-9.33)	<0.001
Home ownership	1.07 (0.63-1.80)	0.80	0.94 (0.36-2.44)	0.89
Other assets
3-7	1.00 (Reference)	--	1.00 (Reference)	--
0	1.25 (0.88-1.78)	0.21	4.09 (2.11-7.95)	<0.0001
1-2	1.18 (0.85-1.63)	0.33	2.25 (1.14-4.47)	0.02
Health insurance	1.03 (0.71-1.49)	0.86	1.08 (0.54-2.17)	0.83
Prescription medication insurance	1.01 (0.57-1.79)	0.97	0.95 (0.33-2.73)	0.92
Private doctor as the usual place to go for health care (vs. Other^a)	0.93 (0.60-1.44)	0.74	2.58 (0.79-8.37)	0.12
Hospitalization in previous 6 months	1.43 (0.96-2.13)	0.08	1.05 (0.51-2.18)	0.89

Abbreviations: 3MS: modified mini-mental state exam; BMI: body mass index; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CHD: coronary heart disease; CRN-2: 2-item cost-related nonadherence; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; LDL: low density lipoprotein; MMAS-4: 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale

“Other” included: public clinic, HMO, hospital outpatient clinic, emergency room, or other