Table 4.
Epidemiology studies of solvents and PD.
| Study | Location | Design | “Solvents” RRa (95% CI) | Specific solvents | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ohlson and Hogstedt (1981) | Sweden | Case–control; 91 cases, 75 controls | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | CS2, 3 cases vs. 0 controls exposed | Hospital-based study; controls with subarachnoid hemorrhage; all subjects 35–69 yrs. |
| Seidler et al. (1996) | Germany | Case–control; 380 cases, 379 neighborhood controls, 376 regional controls | Neighborhood controls: In free time: 2.6 (1.2–5.4) At work: 1.6 (1.1–2.4) Regional controls: In free time: 3.4 (1.5–7.5) At work: 1.8 (1.2–2.7) |
– | Clinic-based study; exposures based on self-report and job/exposure matrix |
| Smargiassi et al. (1998) | Italy | Case–control; 86 cases, 86 controls | 2.78 (1.23–6.26) | – | Exposure (occupational or residential) ≥ 10 yrs, based on questionnaire response and industrial hygiene review |
| DePalma et al. (1988) | Italy | Case–control; 100 cases, 200 controls | 1.15 (0.65–2.03) | – | Controls from nephrology, hemostasis specialty clinics; interaction of solvents and CYP2D6 poor metabolizer status (14.47 [1.16–185.23]) |
| Pezzoli et al. (2000) | Italy | Case series; 188 exposed, 802 not exposed | – | Disease severity, reduced Rx response, and early onset assoc. with ‘hydrocarbon solvents’ | |
| McDonnell et al. (2003) | UK | Nested case–control; 182 cases, 423 controls | 1.53 (0.81–2.87) | – | Dose–response with duration exposure: OR=3.59 (1.26–10.26) >30 yrs exposure; mentions TCE, CCL4 |
| Park et al. (2005) | USA | Proportionate mortality (1982–91) 33,678 PD deaths | 1.07 (1.00–1.13)a | Benzene: 1.05 (0.98–1.12)a | Jobs based on ‘usual occupation’ on death certificate; exposures based on job/exposure matrix |
| Ascherio et al. (2006) | USA | Cohort; 413 cases Cohort (143,325) | ~0.8 (0.5–1.2) | – | Only graphical data for ‘Chemicals/Acid solvents’ |
| Charles et al. (2006) | Hawaii | Cohort; 1049 men aged 71–93 yrs | Clinical signsa: Hand movements: 0.98 (0.56–1.69), p-trend 0.77; Posture: 1.18 (0.68–2.06), p-trend 0.84; Gait: 1.50 (0.86–2.59), p-trend 0.28; Facial expression: 1.57 (0.89–2.79), p-trend 0.19 |
– | Japanese American men; exposures determined 1965–74, clinical exams 1991–99 |
| Dick et al. (2007) | Scotland, Italy, Sweden, Romania, Malta | Case–control; 767 cases, 1989 controls | Low vs. none 1.21 (0.93–1.57) High vs. none 0.94 (0.72–1.21) |
– | Exposures rated by industrial hygiene judgment; interaction between GSTM1 null and solvents (2.34 [1.08–8.77]) |
| Petersen et al. (2008) | Faroe Islands | Case–control; 79 cases, 154 controls | 1.68 (0.80–3.50) | – | Exposure based on questionnaire responses (ever/never) |
| Tanner et al. (2009) | USA, Canada | Case–control; 519 cases, 511 controls | Gluing: 1.31 (0.85–2.02); Cleaning w/ solvents: 1.01 (0.74–1.38); Stripping wood, paint: 1.30 (0.59–2.85) House painting: 1.11 (0.61–2.00) Industrial painting: 1.18 (0.80–1.74) |
– | Clinic-based study; controls non-blood relatives (excluding spouses), acquaintances; mention that no associations seen with solvents, TCE, CCL4 (data not shown) |
| Firestone et al. (2010) | USA | Case–control; 404 cases, 526 controls | Men: 1.0 (0.7–1.3); Women: 1.7 (1.0–3.0) |
– | Unpublished data: no associations for any solvents, except for toluene in women: OR 2.3 (0.8–7.1) [4 cases vs. 1 control] |
| Feldman et al. (2011) | Sweden | Cohort (Swedish twin registry) Cohort 14,169 men; 204 PD cases | Any exposure: 0.9 (0.7–1.3) Highest exposure: 1.4 (0.6–2.9) | – | Exposures based on self-report and job/exposure matrix |
| Goldman et al. (2012) | USA | Nested case–control study in twins cohort; 99 cases, 99 unaffected twin controls | 1.7 (0.8–3.7) | TCE: 6.1 (1.2–33) PERC: 10.5 (0.97–113) TCE or PERC: 8.9 (1.7–47) Toluene: 1.3 (0.5–3.3) Xylene: 2.2 (0.4–12) n-Hexane: 1.3 (0.4–4.1) CCL4: 2.3 (0.9–6.1) |
Industrial hygiene classification of exposures (incl. hobbies); trends for duration and cumulative index similar to ever/never |
– Not reported.
a
Relative risk (95% confidence interval).