Table 1.
Risk assessment exposure guidance values (with year of derivation), corresponding screening BEs, and NER GMs and 95th percentiles for analytes other than volatile organic compounds.
| Analyte (parent compound, if different), NHANES cycle | Exposure guidance | BE or other biomarker screening value and matrix | NER data | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type, data source, yeara | Value (mg/kg-day) | GM | 95th percentile | ||
| Acrylamide hemoglobin adducts (acrylamide), 2003–2004 | RfD, U.S. EPA 2010 | 2 × 10–3 | 190 pmol/g hemoglobinb | ||
| Nonsmokers | 49.9 | 89.6 | |||
| Smokers | 109.9 | 274 | |||
| Bisphenol A, 2007–2008 | RfD, U.S. EPA 1993 | 0.05 | 2,000 μg/L urinec | 2.08 | 13 |
| Triclosan, 2007–2008 | RfD, U.S. EPA 2008 | 0.3 | 6,400 μg/L urined | 15.3 | 494 |
| Pentachlorophenol, 2001–2002 | HBM-I, German HBC 1997 | 25 μg/L urinee | < LOD (0.5) | 1.94 | |
| Phthalates, 2007–2008 | |||||
| Mono-ethylphthalate (diethyl phthalate) | RfD, U.S. EPA 1993 | 0.8 | 18,000 μg/L urinef | 137 | 1,790 |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate (dibutyl phthalate) | RfD, U.S. EPA 1990 | 0.1 | 2,700 μg/L urinef | 18.9 | 110 |
| Mono-benzylphthalate (benzyl butyl phthalate) | RfD, U.S. EPA 1993 | 0.2 | 3,800 μg/L urinef | 10 | 81.4 |
| Sum of 4 metabolites of DEHP | RfD, U.S. EPA 1991 | 0.02 | 400 μg/L urineg | 96.5 | 1,019 |
| Mono-carboxyoctylphthalate (di-isononylphthalate) | ADI, CPSC 2001 | 0.12 | 390 μg/L urineh | 6.8 | 63 |
| Persistent organohalogen compounds, 2003–2004 | |||||
| Hexachlorobenzene | MRL, ATSDR 2002 | 5 × 10–4 | 47 ng/g serum lipidi | 15.2 | 28.9 |
| DDT + DDE, 2003–2004, by age (years) | RfD, U.S. EPA 1996 | 5 × 10–4 | 5,000 ng/g serum lipidj | ||
| 12–19 | 99k | 529 | |||
| 20–39 | 141k | 694 | |||
| 40–59 | 285k | 1,742 | |||
| ≥ 60 | 565k | 3,980 | |||
| Dioxin TEQ (29 dioxin, furan, and coplanar PCB compounds), 2003–2004, by age (years) | RfD, U.S. EPA 2011 | 7 × 10–10 | Variable by age due to accumulation; pg/g serum lipidl | < LOD (variable) | 37.8 |
| 12–19 | 15 | 14 | |||
| 20–39 | 21 | 18.7 | |||
| 40–59 | 21 | 32 | |||
| ≥ 60 | 21 | 63.2 | |||
| Summed PCBs (35 congeners), 2003–2004, by age (years) | “Critical concentrations,” ANSES 2010 | NA | 700 (infants, children, women of childbearing age); 1,800 (other adults); ng/g serum lipidm | ||
| 12–19 | 700 | 54.4 | 139 | ||
| 20–39 | 700 | 79.2 | 226.5 | ||
| 40–59 | 1,800 | 186.4 | 470.7 | ||
| ≥ 60 | 1,800 | 347.3 | 929.4 | ||
| PBDE-99 | RfD, U.S. EPA 2008 | 1 × 10–4 | 520 ng/g serum lipidn | < LOD (variable) | 42.2 |
| Metals | |||||
| Cadmium, 2003–2004 | RfD, U.S. EPA 1994 | 5 × 10–4 | 1.5 μg/L urineo | ||
| Nonsmokers | 0.2 | 0.9 | |||
| Smokers | 0.3 | 1.6 | |||
| Sum, DMA + MMA (arsenic, inorganic), 2009–2010 | RfD, U.S. EPA 1993 | 3 × 10–4 | 5.8 μg/L urinep | 4.7 | 18.9 |
| Mercury, 2007–2008 | NRC benchmark concentration assessment, NRC 2000 | NA | 5.8 μg/L bloodq | 0.77 | 4.64 |
| Thallium, 2007–2008 | HBM-I, German HBC 2011 | NA | 5 μg/L urinee | 0.146 | 0.4 |
| Current-use pesticides, 2001–2002 | |||||
| 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid | RfD, U.S. EPA 2011 | 0.05 | 2,000 μg/L uriner | < LOD (0.2) | 1.27 |
| cis-3-(2,2-Dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (deltamethrin) | RfD, U.S. EPA 2010 | 0.01 (adults) | 50 μg/L urines | < LOD (0.1) | < LOD (0.1) |
| 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxy-benzoic acid (cyfluthrin) | RfD, U.S. EPA 2002 | 0.024 | 240 μg/L urinet | < LOD (0.2) | < LOD (0.2) |
| Abbreviations: ANSES, Agence nationale de securite sanitaire Alimentation Environnement Travail; ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; CPSC, Consumer Product Safety Commission; DEHP, di-2(ethylhexylphthalate); HBC, Human Biomonitoring Commission; LOD, limit of detection; MRL, minimal risk level; NA, not applicable; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; TEQ, toxic equvalency. GMs and 95th percentiles are reported as point estimates; confidence limits on these estimates are available in the NER. For concentrations < LOD, the LOD is given in parentheses. aAll U.S. EPA exposure guidance values from the Integrated Risk Information System (U.S. EPA 2012a) unless otherwise noted. bDerived based on methods described by Hays and Aylward (2008) with updated U.S. EPA RfD value. cKrishnan et al. (2010a). dKrishnan et al. (2010b). eGerman HBC (2012), derived from occupational biomonitoring data—no exposure guidance value was derived. fAylward et al. (2009a). gAylward et al. (2009b). hADI from CPSC (2001); BE derivation by Hays et al. (2011). iMRL from ATSDR (2012), BE derivation presented by Aylward et al. (2010a). jKirman et al. (2011). kMedians. lBased on U.S. EPA (2012c) RfD for dioxin as based on neonatal thyroid hormone alterations. Serum lipid concentrations associated with chronic intake at the RfD were modeled using the U.S. EPA (2012c) approach. Identification of appropriate BE values for children under 12 years of age would require additional modeling and considerations. Age-specific NER concentration data as reported by Patterson et al. (2009). mCritical concentrations from ANSES (2010). Age-specific NER concentration data as reported by Patterson et al. (2009). nKrishnan et al. (2011). oHays et al. (2008b). pHays et al. (2010; DMA+MMA only due to low detection rates for inorganic arsenic species). qNRC 2000—benchmark concentration in blood divided by uncertainty factor of 10. rRfD updated November 2011 by U.S. EPA (2011). BE based on Aylward and Hays (2008), but reflecting updated RfD, which was increased by a factor of 10 due to removal of the 10-fold uncertainty factor related to database uncertainties. sRfD as described by U.S. EPA (2010); BE derivation presented by Aylward et al. (2011). tRfD as described by U.S. EPA (2002); BE derivation presented by Hays et al. (2009). | |||||