Table I.
Demographic characteristics, treatment utilization patterns and toxicological findings in those who died from drug-induced overdose in Oslo in the study period.
| Women | Men | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 51 | N = 180 | N = 231 | |
| (100%) | (100%) | (100%) | |
| Mean age (SD) | 40.2 (11.5) | 36.5 (9.8) | 37.3 (10.3) |
| Oslo residents | 42 (82%) | 116 (64%) | 158 (68%) |
| Place of death | |||
| Residential addressa | 38 (75%) | 117 (65%) | 155 (67%) |
| Outdoorsb | 5 (10%) | 36 (20%) | 41 (18%) |
| Institutionsc | 4 (8%) | 8 (4%) | 12 (5%) |
| Public buildingsd | 1 (2%) | 14 (8%) | 15 (7%) |
| Unknown | 3 (6%) | 5 (3%) | 8 (4%) |
| Contact with any health- or social services in the year prior to death | 47 (92%) | 143 (80%) | 190 (82%) |
| Mean number of contacted services (SD) | 3.2 (1.8) | 3.1 (1.9) | 3.1 (1.9) |
| Released from prison within six months before death | 2 (4%) | 16 (9%) | 18 (8%) |
| Main intoxicant | |||
| Heroin | 27 (53%) | 125 (70%) | 152 (66%) |
| Methadone | 5 (10%) | 19 (11%) | 24 (10%) |
| Buprenorphine | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (<1%) |
| Other opioidse | 14 (27%) | 18 (10%) | 32 (14%) |
| Central stimulants | 1 (1%) | 7 (4%) | 8 (4%) |
| Not poisoningf | 1 (2%) | 5 (3%) | 6 (3%) |
| No toxicology report | 3 (6%) | 5 (3%) | 8 (4%) |
| Mean number of substances (SD) | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) |
a
Including shelters.
b
Including parking houses and public toilets.
c
Including prisons, hospitals, drug treatment facilities.
d
Including hotels.
e
Includes dextropropokyfen, etylmorphine, fentanyl, codeine, morphine, oxycodon, tramadol.
f
Reported as drug-induced death in the National Cause of Death Registry but not in the toxicology reports or hospitals records.