Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Physiol Rev. 2012 Jul;92(3):1087–1187. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2011

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

A simplified structural model of hippocampal theta rhythm control. Tonic neuronal activity of the reticular formation, largely originating in the nucleus pontine oralis (PnO), excites the supramammillary nucleus (SUM) by means of glutamatergic projections. Pontine tonic activity is converted to rhythmic firing in SUM, indicated by the wave symbol. Glutamatergic SUM output then excites GABAergic and cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/vDB), which serves as the pacemaker of the hippocampal theta rhythm.