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Osteoclastogenic effect of TNF-α. (A) In the ‘early’ phase of osteoclastogenesis, TNF-α enhanced osteoclastogenesis, although the effect was not dose-dependent. (B) In the ‘late’ phase of osteoclastogenesis, osteoclasts were less differentiated by an administration of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner (when BMMs were stimulated with 100 ng/ml of RANKL). Values are the means ± SD of 3 independent experiments. *P<0.001 compared with Nil. Nil, control group.
