Table 1.
Study design, population characteristics, and instruments used in the 33 studies of this review
| Instruments for assessing | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Author | Study design | Country | N | SC | Response | Mean age/SD or range | Setting | Diagnosis/disorder | TI | Diagnosis | Trauma exposure | PTSD | |
| Bipolar disorder | |||||||||||||
| 1 | Assion et al., 2009 | Prevalence study | Germany | N= 74 (f=44) | Y | 48.3 (13) | In- and outpatient | Bipolar-I: euthymic/mild/mod. depressed | Y | MINI/HAM-D/YMRS | PDS | PDS/CAPS | |
| 2 | Goldberg & Garno, 2005 | Prevalence study | USA | N=100 (f=49) | N | 42.6 (13.2) 36.6 (9.7) (T) | Inpatient | Bipolar-I (73) Bipolar-II (27) |
N | SCID-I/HAM-D/YRMS | CTQ/TSS | SCID-I | |
| 3 | Kauer et al., 2007 | Correlation study | Brazil | N= 163 (f=117) | N | 42.5 (SD 11.6) | Outpatient | Bipolar-I Bipolar-II |
N | Chart DSM-IV/HDRS/YMRS | SCID-I (criteria A1 and A2) | SCID-I-PTSD module | |
| 4 | Leverich et al., 2002ab | Correlation study | USA | N=651 (f=274) | N | 41 (12) | Outpatient | Bipolar-I (475) Bipolar-II (137) Bipolar NOS (12) |
N | SCID-P/IDS/YMRS | Patient Quest. with items: EA, PA, SA | SC-I | |
| 5 | Maguire et al., 2008 | Prevalence study | N Ireland (UK) | N=60 (f=34) | Y | Non-response 24; drop-out 15 | 49 (25–70) | Outpatient | Bipolar-I Bipolar-II |
Y | Chart DSM-IV/BDI | CHQ/THQ | PDS |
| 6 | Meade et al., 2009 | Treatment study | USA | N=90 (f=41) | Y | Non-response 57; drop-out 42 | 40.6 (±11.7) | In- and outpatient | Bipolar-I with SUD | Y | SCID-I/HAM-D/YRMS | ASI: 2 items | SCID-I |
| 7 | Neria et al., 2005 | Correlation study | USA | N=109 (f=58) | N | Response 88,7% | m=23 (15–54) f=29 (16–57) | Inpatient | Bipolar with psychotic features | N | SCID-I-DSM-III and IV | CIDI-PTSD/SCID-PTSD | CIDI-PTSD/SCID-PTSD |
| 8 | Neria et al., 2008 | Prevalence study | USA | N=96 (f=64) | Y | 50 (18–70) | Outpatient | Bipolar spectrum | N | MDQ/PDQ | LES | PCL-C | |
| Major depressive disorder | |||||||||||||
| 9 | Bernet et al., 1999 | Correlation study | USA | N=47 (f=24) | Y | 39.0 | Outpatient | Major depressive disorder | Y | SCID-I/HRSD | CTQ | SCID-I | |
| 10 | Carlier et al., 2000 | Prevalence study | The Netherlands | N=69 (f=45) | Y | 45.4 (12.9) | Outpatient | Major depressive episode | N | SCID-DSM-III-R | LTE | SI-PTSD | |
| 11 | Gaudiano et al., 2010 | Correlation study | USA | N=623 (f=397) | N | 38.5 (12) | Outpatient | Major depressive disorder (psychotic n=32) | Y | SCID-I/SIDP-IV/CGI | CTQ | SCID-I | |
| 12 | Oquendo et al., 2005 | Correlation study | USA | N=230 (f=180) | N | 41.7 (0.6) | In- (113) and outpatient (117) | Major depressive episode | Y | SCID-I/SCID-II/HMDRS/BDI | SCID-I | SCID-I | |
| 13 | Zimmerman et al., 1999 | Correlation study | USA | N=235 (f=152) | N | 40.6 (14.03) | Outpatient | Major depression (psychotic n=19) | Y | SCID-I | SCID-PTSD | SCID-PTSD | |
| 14 | Zlotnick et al., 2001 | Correlation study | USA | N=235 (f=152) | N | 40.6 (14.0) | Outpatient | Major depression | Y | SCID-I/SIDP/SADS | SCID-PTSD | SCID-PTSD | |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | |||||||||||||
| 15 | Beattie et al., 2009 | Correlation study | N Ireland (UK) | N=47 (f=22) | N | 37.5 (11.5) | Outpatient <12 months | Schizophrenia (25) Schizoaffective (7) Other psychosis (10) |
N | KGV:pos./neg./affect symptoms | CTQ/THQ | IES-R | |
| 16 | Calhoun et al., 2007 | Prevalence study | USA | N=165 (f=0) | N | 48 (7.8) | Inpatient (veterans) | Schizophrenia Schizoaffective |
Y | SCID-I | SAEQ/CTS-R/CES | PCL | |
| 17 | Kilcommons & Morrison, 2005 | Prevalence study | UK | N=32 (f=7) | N | Non-response 3% | 34.5 (10.0) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia spectrum | N | Chart DSM-IV/PANSS | THQ | PSS-R |
| 18 | Lommen et al., 2009 | Prevalence study | Netherlands | N=33 (f=10) | Y | Non-response; 40 drop-out 2 | 42.3 (10.6) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia (23)/Schizoaffective (10) | N | THQ-R | PSS-SR/PCTI | |
| 19 | Resnick et al., 2003 | Correlation study | USA | N=47 (f=30) | N | 44.1 (9.7) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia (39) Schizoaffective (8) | Y | SCID-I/PANSS | THQ-R | CAPS | |
| 20 | Rosenberg et al., 2007 | Correlation study | USA | N=569 (f=183) | N | 42 (9.0) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia (288) Schizoaffective (98) |
N | Chart DSM-IV (81%)/SCID (19%) | SAEQ/CTS | PCL | |
| 21 | Ross & Keyes, 2004 | Prevalence study | USA | N=60 (f=23) | N | Non-response 3 | 40.1 (13.4) | In- and outpatient | Schizophrenia | N | Chart DSM III-R/SAPS/SANS | Not specified | DDIS/DES-T |
| Personality disorder | |||||||||||||
| 22 | Barnow et al., 2005 | Prevalence study | Germany | N=51 (f=44) | Y | 26.5 (±7.6) | Inpatient | Borderline personality | Y | SCID-II/BPI/DIA-X (CIDI) | SCID-I-PTSD | SCID-I-PTSD/SIDES | |
| 23 | van den Bosch et al., 2003 | Correlation study | The Netherlands | N=63 (f=63, addicted) | Y | 34.9 (7.7) | Inpatient | Borderline personality (addicted 34) | Y | SCID-II/PDQ4+ | STI | SCID-I-PTSD | |
| 24 | Sar et al., 2003 | Prevalence study | Turkey | N=25 (f=20) | Y | Response 79,5% | 30.0 | Outpatient | Borderline personality | Y | SCID-II (DSM-III-R) | History Form for Childhood Abuse and Neglect | SCID-PTSD/DES/DDIS/SCID-D |
| 25 | Zlotnick et al., 2003 | Correlation study | USA | N= 266 (f=186) | Y | 31.5 (7.5) | In- and outpatient | Borderline personality | N | DIPD-IV/SCID-I/SNAP | CEQ | SCID-I/DIPD-IV | |
| 26 | Yen et al., 2002 | Correlation study | USA | N=653 (f=324) | Y | Dropout 15 | 32.8 (8.0) | In- and outpatient | Borderline (176, f=123) Schizotypal (86, f=39) Avoidant (153, f=100) Obs. Compulsive (153, f=62) |
N | DIPV-IV/SCID-I | SCID-I trauma module | SCID-I trauma module |
| Severe mental illness | |||||||||||||
| 27 | Cusack et al., 2006. | Prevalence study | USA | N=142 (f=63) | Y | 46.2 (11.6) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia Bipolar Major depression |
N | Chart Review Instrument | TAA | PCL | |
| 28 | Davies-Netzley, Hurlburt, & Hough, 1996 | Correlation study | USA | N=120 (f=120) | Y | 37.0 (18–63) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia (57) Bipolar (26) Major Depression (37) |
Y | DIS (DSM-III-R)/CES-D | Specified questions about child abuse | PTSD section of DIS | |
| 29 | Ford & Fournier, 2007 | Prevalence study | USA | N=35 (f=35) | N | 41.0 (29–68) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia Bipolar Major depression |
Y | SCID-I | TESI | CAPS/SIDES | |
| 30 | Goodman et al., 1999 | Reliability study | USA | N=50 (f=29) | Y | Response 80%; drop-out 3 | m=37.6 (7.3) f=42.1 (7.6) | Outpatient | Schizophrenia (32) Bipolar (16) Psychotic (2) | N | SCID-I | SAEQ/CTS-2 (PA/SA/injury) | PCL-S |
| 31 | Lu et al., 2008 | Correlation study | USA | N=254 (f=112) | N | Non-response; 20 | 42.9 (11.0) | In- (109) and outpatient (145) | Major depression (100) Bipolar (154) |
N | Chart (81.0%) SCID-I (19.0%) | SAEQ/CTS-R | PCL |
| 32 | Mueser et al., 1998 | Prevalence study | USA | N=275 (f=153) | N | Non-response 10% | 40.0 (11.6) | In- (92) and outpatient (183) | Schizophrenia (64) Schizoaffective (30) Bipolar (50) Depression (65) Borderline pers. (22) Other pers. (10) Other diagnosis (34) | Y | Chart (81.0%) SCID-I (19.0%) | THQ (childhood and adulthood separated asked)/CVS | SCID/PCL-S |
| 33 | Mueser et al., 2004 | Prevalence and correlation study | USA | N=782 (f=321) | N | Response 87% | age≥18 | Outpatient | Schizophrenia (363) Schizoaffective (163) Bipolar (141) Major depression (78) Other diagnosis (26) |
N | Chart (81.0%) SCID-I (19.0%) | SAEQ/CTS (child)/CTS-2 (adult) | PCL |
SC: Selection criteria other than inclusion criteria.
TI: Trained interviewers.